Chinese Taipei: Ìyàtọ̀ láàrin àwọn àtúnyẹ̀wò
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{{Chinese|t={{linktext|中|華|臺|北| or |中|華|台|北}}|s={{linktext|中|华|台|北}}|p=Zhōnghuá Táiběi}}
'''Chinese Taipei''' is the designated name used by the [[Republic of China|Republic of China (ROC)]], commonly known as '''[[Taiwan]]''', to participate in some [[international]] [[organizations]] and almost all sporting events, such as the [[Olympic Games|Olympics]] and [[Asian Games]]. The [[international community]] commonly employs the term "Chinese Taipei" due to pressure by the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC) who prefer the name as it creates ambiguity about the independence and [[political status of Taiwan]]. It is seen as an important tool to influence international perception of [[cross-strait relations]].
== Origins ==
After the ROC lost its [[United Nations]] seat in 1971, more and more countries terminated their diplomatic relations with Taipei and established new ties with the [[People's Republic of China]] (PRC). In diplomatic circles, Beijing was on the rise and the ROC found that in order to participate in some international forums it would have to make difficult concessions towards the PRC. One of these concessions was acceptance of the term "Chinese Taipei" as a name. The first instance that this name was used in a major international organisation was in the International Olympic Committee. By 1979, the IOC had finally decided that the Beijing Olympic Committee would be the "Chinese Olympic Committee" and another name would need to be found for the Olympic Committee on Taiwan.
The Chinese nationalism asserted by the top leadership of the ROC government during the 1970s meant that a name such as "Taiwan" would be unacceptable to them{{Citation needed|date=June 2010}}.<ref name="Liu">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tpa.gov.tw/upfile/www/Pdf/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%E9%9B%86/200710/20071025c.pdf |title=1981年奧會模式簽訂之始末 |accessdate=2010-07-08 |last=Liu |first=Chin-Ping |year=2007 |format=PDF |work= |publisher= |pages=7-10, 15 |language=Traditional Chinese}}</ref> The ROC leadership insisted that there be some kind of “Chinese-ness” to the name under which the island's team competed. The name "Chinese Taipei" was formally created and accepted by the Taipei government in March 1981.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://old.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/EC/090/EC-R-090-017.htm |title=「中華台北」會籍名稱使用事略 |accessdate=2010-07-08 |last=Chao |first=Li-Yun |date=2001-11-02 |publisher=National Policy Foundation |language=Traditional Chinese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://old.npf.org.tw/PUBLICATION/NS/091/NS-C-091-011.htm |title=Chinese Taipei |accessdate=2010-07-09 |author=Joe Hung |date=2002-01-10 |publisher=National Policy Foundation}}</ref>
The ROC government turned down chances to use the name "Taiwan" (for example, at the 1976 [[Montreal Olympics]]), although the team had previously marched as "Taiwan" in opening ceremonies (for example, in [[1964 Summer Olympics|Tokyo]]). One repeated contention recorded in the ministry reports is that both parts of divided China are Chinese territories and the people in one part are no less Chinese than those in the other. Another argument holds that the jurisdiction of the ROC Olympic Committee (ROCOC) includes Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu in addition to Taiwan, and thus the name “Taiwan” does not reflect the “territorial extent” of the ROCOC. Furthermore, although it is true that most products from the ROC are labeled “made in Taiwan,” the trade practices of the ROC are such that the regional area of production is used for labeling. Some wines from Jinmen are labeled “made in Kinmen,” just as some perfume is labeled “made in Paris” and not “made in France.” Finally, it was argued that the people of the ROC were Chinese and not “Taiwanese,” so the word Taiwan was not appropriate.<ref>Taipei Times - How ‘Chinese Taipei’ came about - August 2008</ref>
The ROC government under the [[Kuomintang|Kuomintang (KMT)]] rejected designation as "Taiwan, China" on grounds that this would imply subordination to the [[People's Republic of China]]. It also refused the names "Taiwan" and "[[Formosa]] ({{zh|t=福爾摩沙|s=福尔摩沙}})" as a means of reasserting both its claim as the sole legitimate government of all of China, and its uncompromising rejection of [[Taiwan independence]]. Instead, deriving from the name of its [[Taipei|capital city]], the ROC government finally formulated the name “Chinese Taipei,” instead of accepting the offer of “Taiwan,” because “Chinese Taipei” signified an uncertain boundary that could exceed the ROC’s actual territory of control of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu, whenever the ROC government wished to assert it.<ref>Taipei Times - How ‘Chinese Taipei’ came about - August 2008</ref> It regarded the term ''Chinese Taipei'' as both acceptably neutral and hopeful of assent from other interested parties. Its proposal found agreement. Beijing accepted the compromise position that the ROC Olympic Committee could be named the ''"Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee"''.
In April 1979, in a plenary session of the IOC, He Zheng Liang, a representative of the PRC, stated:
<blockquote>According to the Olympic Charter, only one Chinese Olympic Committee should be recognized. In consideration of the athletes in Taiwan having an opportunity to compete in the Olympic Games, the sports constitution in Taiwan could function as a local organization of China and still remain in the Olympic Movement in the name of the Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee. However, its anthem, flag and constitutions should be changed correspondingly.<ref>Brian B. Pendleton, "The People's Republic of China and the Olympic Movement: A Question of Recognition," Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, The University of Alberta, 1978, p. 115.</ref></blockquote>
[[Image:Flag of Chinese Taipei for Olympic games.svg|thumb|[[Chinese Taipei Olympic flag]]]]
In November 1979 in [[Nagoya]], [[Japan]] the [[International Olympic Committee]], and later all other international sports federations, adopted a resolution under which the National Olympic Committee of the ROC would be recognized as the ''National Olympic Committee of Chinese Taipei'', and its athletes would compete under the name ''Chinese Taipei''.<ref>However, the name of the committee in Chinese continues to be "中華奧林匹克委員會" ("Chinese Olympic Committee"): see [http://www.tpenoc.net/ Official Website].</ref> And a flag bearing the emblem of its Olympic Committee against a white background as the ''[[Chinese Taipei Olympic flag]]'' was confirmed in 1981.<ref name="Liu"/> The National Olympic Committee of the ROC boycotted the [[1980 Olympics]] (both the winter and summer games) in protest of this resolution.<ref>http://www.kiat.net/olympics/history/winter/w13lakeplacid.html Winter Olympic Games Lake Placid, USA, 1980</ref> It has competed under this flag and name exclusively at each [[Olympic Games|Games]] since the [[1984 Winter Olympics]], as well as at the [[Paralympics]] and at other international events.
== Translation compromise ==
Both sides agree to use the English name "Chinese Taipei". This is possible because of the ambiguity of the English word "Chinese", which may mean either the state or the culture. In 1979, the [[International Olympic Committee]] passed a resolution in [[Nagoya]], Japan, restoring the rights of the Chinese Olympic Committee within the IOC, meanwhile renaming the Taipei-based Olympic Committee "Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee". Since then, and until 1989 the [[People's Republic of China|PRC]] translated "Chinese Taipei" as "Zhongguo Taipei" ([[simplified chinese]]: 中国台北, [[traditional chinese]]: 中國臺北, [[hanyu pinyin]]: Zhōngguó Táiběi), connoting that Taipei is a part of the Chinese state. By contrast, the [[Republic of China]] government translated it as "[[Zhonghua Minzu|Zhonghua]] Taipei" ([[traditional chinese]]: 中華台北 or 中華臺北, [[Hanyu Pinyin]]: Zhōnghuá Táiběi) in Chinese, which references the term "[[China]]" as the cultural or ethnic entity, rather than the [[Sovereign state|state]]. In 1981 the former Republic of China Olympic Committee confirmed its acceptance of the Nagoya resolution, but translated "Chinese Taipei" to "Zhonghua Taipei". In 1989, the two Olympic committees signed a pact in [[Hong Kong]], clearly defining the use of "Zhonghua Taipei".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-07/24/content_6871657.htm | title = Mainland plea to end Taiwan's name issue | publisher = China Daily | date = 2008-07-24}}</ref> The PRC had been observing the [[Hong Kong]] pact and using "Zhonghua Taipei" in stipulated areas ever since, but on other occasions, the version of "Zhongguo Taipei" was still in use following past practice, especially in official media references.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEE20080724035229&Page=E&Title=Olympics+2008&Topic=0& | title = China clarifies Taiwan Olympics team name issue | publisher = New Ind Press | date = 2008-07-24}}</ref> In the Olympic Games opening ceremony, when each country's team normally proceeds in alphabetical order in English, the Chinese Taipei (TPE) team does not follow China (CHN), but instead takes a place in the procession as if its name were "Taipei," following countries such as Switzerland and Syria instead. In [[Beijing 2008]] it followed [[Japan]] and preceded the [[Central African Republic]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://olympics.scmp.com/Article.aspx?id=1508§ion=latestnews | title = Taiwanese team will compete as 'Chinese Taipei', Beijing confirms | publisher = South China Morning Post | date = 2008-07-24}}</ref> This ordering was based on the stroke number and order of each team's name in [[simplified Chinese]], the official script in the PRC.
== Use of the name ==
[[File:Chinese Taipei University Sports Flag.PNG|thumb|250px|Chinese Taipei Universiade Flag]]
The name "Chinese Taipei" has spilled into apolitical arenas. The [[People's Republic of China|PRC]] has successfully pressured some religious organizations and civic organizations to refer to the ROC as "Chinese Taipei".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.taiwan-info.de/html/deutsch/stilblueten.htm |title=Stilblüten |language=German}}</ref> The [[Lions Club]] used to refer to the [[Republic of China]] as "Chinese Taipei", but it now uses the name "Taiwan MD 300"<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lionsclubs.org/locator/lions/search_form_country.php | title = Lions Club Locator | publisher = Lions Clubs International | date = 2008-11-11}}</ref> Both the [[International Monetary Fund]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.imf.org/external/country/index.htm | title = IMF reports and publications arranged by country | publisher = International Monetary Fund | date = 2008-11-11}}</ref>. and the [[World Bank]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/0,,pagePK:180619~theSitePK:136917,00.html | title = Member Countries & Regions of the World Bank | publisher = The World Bank | date = 2008-11-11}}</ref> refer to the [[Republic of China]] as "Chinese Taipei", and "Taiwan" does not appear on the member countries list of both organizations. The [[ICSU]] also refers to the [[Republic of China]] as "China Taipei", right below "China CAST"<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.icsu-asia-pacific.org/membership_nationalunions.htm | title = ICSU National Unions | publisher = ICSU | date = 2008-11-11}}</ref>. The [[Republic of China]] is a member economy of [[APEC]], and its official name in the organization is "Chinese Taipei"<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.apec.org/apec/tools/faqs.html#Q3 | title = APEC FAQ: Who are the members of APEC? | publisher = Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation | date = 2008-11-11}}</ref>. It is also an observer in the [[World Health Organization]] under the name Chinese Taipei.
[[Image:Flag of Chinese Taipei for Deaf.png|thumb|250px|Chinese Taipei Deaflympics Flag]]
In the [[Miss World 1998]], the government of the [[People's Republic of China]] pressured the [[Miss World#Miss World Organization|Miss World Organization]] to rename Miss Republic of China 1998 to "Miss Chinese Taipei", it has been competing ever since under that designation<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.missworld.com/ | title = Miss World 2008 Contestants | publisher = Miss World | date = 2008-11-11}}</ref>. The same happened in 2000, but with the [[Miss Universe Organization]]. Three years later at the Miss Universe pageant in [[Panama]], the first official Miss China and Miss Taiwan competed alongside each other for the first time in history, prompting the Chinese government to again demand that Miss Taiwan assume the title "Miss Chinese Taipei". The contestant in question, [[Chen Szu-yu]], was famously photographed tearfully holding her two sashes {{Citation needed|date=February 2009}}. Today, neither [[Miss Universe]] and [[Miss World]], the two largest pageant contests in the world, don´t allow Taiwan's entrants to compete under the Taiwan label. In 2005, the third largest pageant contest, [[Miss Earth]], initially allowed beauty contestant [[Li Fan Lin]] to compete as "Miss Taiwan"; after a week into the pageant, however, her sash was updated to "Taiwan ROC". However, in of 2008, the official name for the [[Republic of China|ROC]], change to for "Chinese Taipei".<ref>{{cite web | url = http://english.ohmynews.com/articleview/article_view.asp?at_code=435812&no=384038&rel_no=1 | title = 85 Beauties Set Their Sights on 'Miss Earth 2008' Crown | publisher = Oh My News | date = 2008-11-11}}</ref>
<!-- Commented out: [[Image:Chinese Taipei FA.gif|250px|thumb|Chinese Taipei Football Association]] -->
[[Image:Chinese Taipei Paralympic Flag.svg|249px|thumb|Chinese Taipei Paralympic Flag]]
The title "Chinese Taipei" leads some people to believe that "Taipei" is a country. During the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] in Athens, [[NBC]] television clarified each time the name was used that "Chinese Taipei" referred to Taiwan. Japanese and South Korean televisions were more impatient and simply dropped "Chinese Taipei" altogether in its reports, using "Taiwan" instead<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2004/09/01/2003201149 | title = Rest in peace, `Chinese Taipei' | publisher = Taipei Times | date = 2004-09-01}}</ref>. For sporting events, the ROC team is abbreviated in Taiwan as the ''Zhonghua Team'' (中華隊; [[China in world languages#Zhonghua|''Zhonghua'']] being a more cultural rather than political variation of the term China), which, in effect, labels it the "Chinese Team".
Starting around the time of the [[2004 Summer Olympics]], there has been a movement in Taiwan to change all media references to the team to the "Taiwanese Team", and the mainstream [[Taiwan Television]] (TTV) is one of the first Taiwanese media outlets to do so. Such usage remains relatively rare, however, and other cable TV channels currently refer to the ROC as the ''Zhonghua Team'' and the PRC as the ''Zhongguo Team'', the ''China team'' or the ''mainland China team''.
In the 2005 [[International Children's Games]] in [[Coventry]], [[United Kingdom]] as well as the [[National Geographic World Championship]], the name Chinese Taipei was too used. Chinese Taipei was also the term used by [[Major League Baseball]] for the ROC teams that participated in the [[2006 World Baseball Classic|2006]] and [[2009 World Baseball Classic]] competitions, competing under the [[Chinese Taipei Olympic flag]]. The [[Little League World Series]] also refers to the Taiwanese teams as Chinese Taipei (although the uniforms states Asia-Pacific).
== Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu ==
{{Chinese|title=Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu|t={{linktext|臺|澎|金|馬|個|別|關|稅|領|域}}|s={{linktext|台|澎|金|马|个|别|关|税|领|域}}|p=Tái Péng Jīn Mǎ Gèbié Guānshuì Lǐngyù}}
The [[World Trade Organization]] officially uses "Separate Customs Territory of [[Taiwan]], [[Penghu]], [[Kinmen]], and [[Matsu Islands|Matsu]]" <ref>[http://www.wto.org/english/theWTO_e/countries_e/chinese_taipei_e.htm WTO page for "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu"]</ref> for the [[Republic of China]], but "Chinese Taipei" is used very often since the official designation is too unwieldy. It is a politically neutral name; there is not any reference to what it is separated from (presumably, the [[People's Republic of China]]). Even official documents within WTO refer to the "separated customs territory..." as "Chinese Taipei"<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wto.org/english/theWTO_e/countries_e/chinese_taipei_e.htm | title = MEMBER INFORMATION: Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (Chinese Taipei) and the WTO | date = 2008-11-18 | publisher = World Trade Organization}}</ref>.
== Other references to the Republic of China ==
References used in the international context to refer to the Republic of China or Taiwan differ according to the type of the organization.
International organizations that only admit sovereign states generally do not recognise the Republic of China or allow its membership. Presently, the ROC is recognized by 23 states. Thus, for example, whenever the [[United Nations]] makes reference to Taiwan, which doesn't appear on its member countries list<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/infonation3/menu/advanced.asp | title = United Nations Infonation | publisher = The United Nations | date = 2008-11-11}}</ref> it uses the designation "Taiwan, Province of China", and organizations that follow UN standards does the same, such as [[International Organization for Standardization]] in its listing of [[ISO 3166-1]] country codes. Certain web-based postal address programs also label the country designation name for Taiwan as "Taiwan, Province of China". Inter-governmental organizations use a variety of terms to designate ROC. Some non-governmental organizations which the PRC does not participate in continue to use "China" or the "Republic of China". The [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]] is one of few international organizations that continue to refer to the Republic of China as "China", and the ROC affiliate as the [[Scouts of China]]. This is because such [[Scouting]] organizations [[Scouting in Mainland China|do not exist]] in the [[People's Republic of China]].
Countries that maintain diplomatic relations with the [[Republic of China]], especially the ROC's older diplomatic affiliates, also refer to the ROC as "China" on occasion; for example, during the [[funeral of Pope John Paul II]], the [[President of the Republic of China]] [[Chen Shui-bian]] was seated as part of the [[List of dignitaries at the funeral of Pope John Paul II|French alphabetical seating arrangement]] between [[Marisa Letícia]], the [[first lady]] of [[Brazil]], and the [[president of Cameroon]] as the head of state of "[[:fr:Wikt:Chine|Chine]]".
== See also ==
* [[History of the Republic of China]]
* [[Flag of the Republic of China]]
* [[Chinese Taipei flag]]
* [[Chinese Taipei national basketball team]]
* [[Chinese Taipei national baseball team]]
* [[Chinese Taipei national football team]]
* [[Chinese Taipei national ice hockey team]]
* [[Chinese Taipei national rugby union team]]
* [[Chinese Taipei national rugby union team (sevens)]]
* [[Sport in Taiwan]]
* [[Political status of Taiwan]]
* [[Foreign relations of the Republic of China]]
* [[Four-stage Theory of the Republic of China]]
* [[National Banner Song]]
* [[Taiwan Province]]
* [[Kuomintang]]
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
== External links ==
*[http://www.sac.gov.tw/resource/annualreport/Quarterly156/index.asp sac.gov.tw:本期專題：奧會模式]
* [http://www.tpenoc.net/en/main.asp Chinese Taipei Olympic Committee] Official Website
* Type "TPE" in the following flight schedule websites to see references to "Taipei, Chinese Taipei":
** [http://timetables.oag.com/sfo San Francisco International Airport Flight Schedule]
** [http://timetables.oag.com/lax Los Angeles International Airport Flight Schedule]
* Articles regarding the United Nations' reference to Taiwan
** [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/1999/09/25/3912 Taipei Times Article on the UN Secretary General's Reaction to the 9-21 Earthquake in Taiwan]
** [http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1999/19990921.ga9599.html UN General Assembly Expressed Sympathy to the Government and People of China for the Earthquake in the Province of Taiwan]
* Information About [[Japan Asia Airways]], a subsidiary of Japan Airlines created not to offend Beijing
** [http://www.japanasia.co.jp/ Japan Asia Airways (Official Site in Japanese)]
** [http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/eg1.htm English Background Information]
* [http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2003/10/09/2003070968 Swiss Residency Permits Refer the Nationality of ROC Citizens as "Chinese Taipei"]
{{Politics of the Republic of China}}
{{Navbox
| name = Cross-Strait relations
| title = {{flagicon|ROC}} [[Cross-Strait relations]] {{flagicon|PRC}}
| liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; <!-- otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole -->
| group1 = Participants
| list1 = {{nowrap begin}} [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]]){{·w}} [[People's Republic of China]] ([[Mainland China]]{{·w}} [[Hong Kong]]{{·w}} [[Macau]]) {{nowrap end}}
| group2 = Organizations
| list2 = {{nowrap begin}} [[Taiwan Affairs Office]]{{·w}} [[Mainland Affairs Council]]{{·w}} [[Straits Exchange Foundation]]{{·w}} [[Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits]]{{·w}} [[Kuomintang]]{{·w}} [[Communist Party of China]] {{nowrap end}}
| group3 = People
| list3 = {{nowrap begin}} [[Hu Jintao]]{{·w}} [[Ma Ying-jeou]]{{·w}} [[Chen Yunlin]]{{·w}} [[Chiang Pin-kung]]{{·w}} [[Jiang Zemin]]{{·w}} [[Chen Shui-bien]]{{·w}} [[Wang Daohan]]{{·w}} [[Koo Chen-fu]]{{·w}} [[Lee Teng-hui]] {{nowrap end}}
| group4 = Events
| list4 = {{nowrap begin}} [[Treaty of Shimonoseki|Treaty of Shimonoseki <small>(1895)</small>]]{{·w}} [[Retrocession Day|Retrocession of Taiwan <small>(1945)</small>]]{{·w}} [[228 Incident|228 Incident <small>(1947)</small>]]{{·w}} [[Chinese Civil War#Fighting on mainland China (1946–1950)|Chinese Civil War <small>(1946–1950)</small>]]{{·w}} [[First Taiwan Strait Crisis|First Taiwan Strait Crisis <small>(1954–1955)</small>]]{{·w}} [[Second Taiwan Strait Crisis|Second Taiwan Strait Crisis <small>(1958)</small>]]{{·w}} [[China and the United Nations|PRC entry to the United Nations <small>(1971)</small>]]{{·w}} [[Third Taiwan Strait Crisis|Third Taiwan Strait Crisis <small>(1995–1996)</small>]]{{·w}} [[Anti-Secession Law|Anti-Secession Law <small>(2005)</small>]]{{·w}} [[2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China|Pan-Blue visits to mainland China <small>(2005)</small>]] {{nowrap end}}
| group5 = Concepts
| list5 = {{nowrap begin}} [[Political status of Taiwan]]{{·w}} [[Legal status of Taiwan]]{{·w}} [[Chinese reunification]]{{·w}} [[Taiwan independence]]{{·w}} [[1992 Consensus]]{{·w}} [[Three Links]]{{·w}} [[One China policy]]{{·w}} [[Two Chinas]]{{·w}} [[One Country on Each Side]]{{·w}} [[Three Noes]]{{·w}} [[Six Assurances]]{{·w}} [[Special state-to-state relations]]{{·w}} [[Four Noes and One Without]]{{·w}} [[Zhonghua Minzu]]{{·w}} [[Special non-state-to-state relations]] {{nowrap end}}
}}<noinclude>
[[bcl:Tsinong Taipei]]
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