DNA: Ìyàtọ̀ láàrin àwọn àtúnyẹ̀wò

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[[File:DNA orbit animated static thumb.png|thumb|upright|A section of DNA. The bases lie horizontally between the two spiraling strands.<ref>Created from [http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=1D65 PDB 1D65]</ref> Animated version at [[:File:DNA orbit animated.gif]].]]
 
TheAlopo emeji DNA double helix isje stabilizedgbigbero primarilypelu byipa two forcesmeji: awon [[hydrogen bond|ide haidrojin]]s betweenlarin nucleotidesawon andnukleotidi ati [[Stacking (chemistry)|base-stackingipele ipile]] interactions among the [[aromatic]] nucleobases.<ref name="Yakovchuk2006">{{cite journal |author=Yakovchuk P, Protozanova E, Frank-Kamenetskii MD |title=Base-stacking and base-pairing contributions into thermal stability of the DNA double helix |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=564–74 |year=2006 |pmid=16449200 |pmc=1360284 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkj454 }}</ref> In the aqueous environment of the cell, the conjugated [[Pi bond|π bonds]] of nucleotide bases align perpendicular to the axis of the DNA molecule, minimizing their interaction with the [[solvation shell]] and therefore, the [[Gibbs free energy]]. The four bases found in DNA are [[adenine]] (abbreviated A), [[cytosine]] (C), [[guanine]] (G) and [[thymine]] (T). These four bases are attached to the sugar/phosphate to form the complete nucleotide, as shown for [[adenosine monophosphate]].
 
The nucleobases are classified into two types: the [[purine]]s, A and G, being fused five- and six-membered [[heterocyclic compound]]s, and the [[pyrimidine]]s, the six-membered rings C and T.<ref name=berg/> A fifth pyrimidine nucleobase, [[uracil]] (U), usually takes the place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a [[methyl group]] on its ring. Uracil is not usually found in DNA, occurring only as a breakdown product of cytosine. In addition to RNA and DNA a large number of artificial [[nucleic acid analogues]] have also been created to study the proprieties of nucleic acids, or for use in biotechnology.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Verma S, Eckstein F |title=Modified oligonucleotides: synthesis and strategy for users |journal=Annu. Rev. Biochem. |volume=67 |pages=99–134 |year=1998 |pmid=9759484 |doi=10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.99}}</ref>
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