Kikan Jesu mo igi agbelebu: Ìyàtọ̀ láàrin àwọn àtúnyẹ̀wò

'''Kíkan Jésu mọ́ àgbélébù''' wáyé ní ilẹ̀ Palestine, láàríń ọdún 30 ati 33 AD. A ṣẹ àpèjúùwé kíkan Jésù mó àgbélébù ninu awọn [[Ìhìnrere|ìhìnrere mẹ́rin]], tí a tọ́ka sí àwọn ìwé- ẹ̀rí ti Majẹmu Titun, ti awọn ẹlomiran atijọ ti jẹri, ti a si fi idi mulẹ gẹgẹbi itan iṣẹlẹ ti awọn orisun ti kii ṣe Kristiẹni jẹ, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Eddy, Paul Rhodes and [[Gregory A. Boyd]]|year=2007|title=The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition|isbn=0801031141|publisher=Baker Academic|page=172|quote=...if there is any fact of Jesus' life that has been established by a broad consensus, it is the fact of Jesus' crucifixion.}}</ref> biotilejepe ko si iyasọtọ laarin awọn onkowe lori awọn alaye gangan. <ref name="CambridgeJesus">[[Christopher M. Tuckett]] in ''The Cambridge companion to Jesus'' edited by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 Cambridge Univ Press {{ISBN|978-0-521-79678-1}} pages&nbsp;123–124</ref> <ref name="ActJ">{{Cite book|author=Funk|title=The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus|year=1998|publisher=Harper|isbn=978-0060629786}}</ref> <ref name="Craig211">''Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey'' by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 {{ISBN|0-8054-4482-3}} pages&nbsp;211–214</ref>

 

 

 

== Itan ==

John P. Meier wo ikun agbelebu Jésù gẹgẹbi otitọ itan ati sọ pe, ti o da lori ami-ẹri ti itiju, awọn kristeni yoo ko ti ṣe irora iku ti olori wọn. <ref name="JMeier126">John P. Meier "How do we decide what comes from Jesus" in ''The Historical Jesus in Recent Research'' by James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight 2006 {{ISBN|1-57506-100-7}} pages&nbsp;126–128</ref> Meier sọ pe nọmba kan ti awọn iyasọtọ miiran, fun apẹẹrẹ, ami ti awọn iwe-ẹri ti o pọju (ie, idaniloju nipasẹ orisun diẹ ẹ sii) ati ami ti ifaramọ (ie, pe o baamu pẹlu awọn ero miiran itan) ran lati ṣe idiwọ agbelebu Jésù gẹgẹbi iṣẹlẹ itan. <ref name="JMeier132">John P. Meier "How do we decide what comes from Jesus" in ''The Historical Jesus in Recent Research'' by James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight 2006 {{ISBN|1-57506-100-7}} pages&nbsp;132–136</ref>

 

 

== Alaye ti Majẹmu Titun ==

 

Lẹyìn tí wọn dé Gọlgọta, wọn fún Jésù ní ọti-waini ti a ṣọkan pọ pẹlu ojia tabi gall lati mu. Matteu Matteu ati Marku ti kọwe pe o kọ eyi. Lẹhinna a kàn a mọ agbelebu ati pe o ṣubu laarin awọn olè meji ti o jẹ idajọ. Gẹgẹbi diẹ ninu awọn itumọ ti Giriki atilẹba, awọn ọlọsà le jẹ awọn ọlọtẹ tabi awọn ọlọtẹ Juu. <ref>[[Reza Aslan]], ''Zealot: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth'', Random House, 2014. {{ISBN|0812981480}}.</ref> Gẹgẹbi Ihinrere ti Marku, o farada ipọnju ti a kàn mọ agbelebu fun wakati mẹfa lati wakati kẹta, ni iwọn 9 am, <ref>{{Bibleref2|Mark|15:25}}</ref> titi o fi kú ni wakati kẹsan, ti o to iwọn 3 pm. <ref>{{Bibleref2|Mark|15:34–37}}</ref> Awọn ọmọ-ogun fi ami kan silẹ lori ori rẹ ti n sọ ni "Jésù ti Nasareti, Ọba awọn Ju" ti, gẹgẹbi Ihinrere ti Johanu, wa ni awọn ede mẹta, lẹhinna pin awọn aṣọ rẹ ya, wọn si ṣẹ keké fun aṣọ ẹwu rẹ. Gẹgẹbi Ihinrere ti Johanu, awọn ọmọ-ogun Romu ko fa ẹsẹ Jésù, bi nwọn ṣe si awọn olè meji ti a kàn mọ (fifa awọn ẹsẹ ti yara ni ibẹrẹ iku), bi Jésù ti kú tẹlẹ. Ihinrere kọọkan ni iroyin ti ara rẹ nipa awọn ọrọ ikẹhin Jésù, awọn ọrọ meje ni apapọ. <ref name="JInt">[[Bart D. Ehrman|Ehrman, Bart D.]]. [[Jesus, Interrupted]], HarperCollins, 2009. {{ISBN|0-06-117393-2}}</ref> Ninu awọn Ihinrere Synkittiki, awọn iṣẹlẹ ti o jina ti o pọju lọ tẹle agbelebu, pẹlu òkunkun, ìṣẹlẹ, ati (ninu Matteu) ajinde awọn eniyan mimọ. Lẹhin ikú Jésù, ara Josẹfu ti Arimatea kuro ninu agbelebu o si sin sinu ibojì apata, pẹlu Nikodemu iranlọwọ.

Gẹgẹbi gbogbo awọn ihinrere mẹrin, a mu Jésù wá si " Ibi Agbọnri " <ref>{{Bibleref2|Matthew|27:33}} – "place called Golgotha (which means Place of a Skull)"; {{Bibleref2|Mark|15:22}} (same as Matthew); {{Bibleref2|Luke|23:32–33}} – "place that is called The Skull"; {{Bibleref2|John|19:17}} – "place called The Place of a Skull, which in Aramaic is called Golgotha"</ref> ati pe a kàn mọ agbelebu pẹlu awọn olè meji, <ref>{{Bibleref2|Matthew|27:38}}; {{Bibleref2|Mark|15:27–28}}; {{Bibleref2|Luke|23:33}}; {{Bibleref2|John|19:18}}</ref> pẹlu ẹri ti wi pe o jẹ " Ọba awọn Ju ", <ref>{{Bibleref2|Matthew|27:37}} – "This is Jesus, the King of the Jews."; {{Bibleref2|Mark|15:26}} – "The King of the Jews."; {{Bibleref2|Luke|23:38}} – "This is the King of the Jews." Some manuscripts add ''in letters of Greek and Latin and Hebrew''; {{Bibleref2|John|19:19–22}} – "Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews." "...&nbsp;it was written in Aramaic, in Latin, and in Greek."</ref> aṣọ rẹ <ref>{{Bibleref2|Matthew|27:35–36}}; {{Bibleref2|Mark|15:24}}; {{Bibleref2|Luke|23:34}}; {{Bibleref2|John|19:23–24}}</ref> ṣaaju ki o tẹ ori rẹ ba o ku. <ref>{{Bibleref2|Matthew|27:50}}; {{Bibleref2|Mark|15:37}}; {{Bibleref2|Luke|23:46}}; {{Bibleref2|John|19:30}}</ref> Lẹhin ikú rẹ, Josefu ti Arimatea beere fun ara lati Pilatu, <ref>{{Bibleref2|Matthew|27:57–58}}; {{Bibleref2|Mark|15:42–43}}; {{Bibleref2|Luke|23:50–52}}; {{Bibleref2|John|19:38}}</ref> eyi ti Josẹfu gbe sinu ibojì ọgba titun kan. <ref>{{Bibleref2|Matthew|27:59–60}}; {{Bibleref2|Mark|15:46}}; {{Bibleref2|Luke|23:53}}; {{Bibleref2|John|19:41–42}}</ref>

 

 

Luku jẹ nikan ni onkqwe onkqwe lati fi ijuwe awqn awqn ipara waini ti a fi rubọ si Jésù lori ika, <ref>{{Bibleref2|Matthew|27:34}}; {{Bibleref2-nb|Matthew|27:47–49}}; {{Bibleref2|Mark|15:23}}; {{Bibleref2-nb|Mark|15:35–36}}; {{Bibleref2|John|19:29–30}}</ref> nikan nikan Marku ati Johanu ṣe apejuwe Josefu ti o mu ara naa kuro lori agbelebu. <ref>{{Bibleref2|Mark|15:45}}; {{Bibleref2|John|19:38}}</ref>

Ibẹrẹ ti kii ṣe Kristiẹni ti a kàn mọ agbelebu Jésù ni o le jẹ lẹta Mara Bar-Serapion si ọmọ rẹ, kọ diẹ ninu akoko lẹhin AD 73 ṣugbọn ṣaaju ki o to ọdun 3rd AD. <ref name="Ute">''Evidence of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian'' by Ute Possekel 1999 {{ISBN|90-429-0759-2}} pages&nbsp;29–30</ref> <ref name="Chilton455">''Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research'' edited by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 {{ISBN|90-04-11142-5}} pages&nbsp;455–457</ref> <ref name="Cradle110">''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament'' by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8054-4365-3}} page 110</ref> Lẹta naa ko pẹlu awọn akori Kristiẹni ati pe onkọwe ni a ṣe kà pe ki nṣe Juu tabi Kristiani. <ref name="Ute" /> <ref name="Chilton455" /> <ref name="VVoorst5355">''Jesus outside the New Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence'' by Robert E. Van Voorst 2000 {{ISBN|0-8028-4368-9}} pages&nbsp;53–55</ref> Lẹta naa tọka si awọn ipinnu ti o tẹle itọju alailẹtan awọn ọlọgbọn mẹta: [[Socrates]], [[Pythagoras]], ati "ọba ọlọgbọn" ti awọn Ju. <ref name="Ute" /> <ref name="Cradle110" /> Diẹ ninu awọn ọjọgbọn ṣiyemeji pe ifọkasi si ipaniyan " ọba awọn Ju " ni o ni nipa agbelebu Jésù, nigba ti awọn miran gbe iye ti o kere ju ninu lẹta naa, ti o jẹ ki iṣoro ni itọkasi. <ref name="VVoorst5355" /> <ref name="Evans41">''Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies'' by Craig A. Evans 2001 {{ISBN|978-0-391-04118-9}} page 41</ref>

 

 

Ni ibẹrẹ ọdun kejila ọrọ miran ti o tọka si agbelebu ti Jésù ni Tacitus ṣe, ni gbogbo igba kà ọkan ninu awọn oniye itanran nla Roman. <ref name="Voorst39">Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence'' Eerdmans Publishing {{ISBN|0-8028-4368-9}} pages&nbsp;39–42</ref> <ref>''Backgrounds of early Christianity'' by Everett Ferguson 2003 {{ISBN|0-8028-2221-5}} page 116</ref> Kikọ ni ''Awọn Awọn Akọsilẹ'' ( ''c'' 116 AD), Tacitus ti sọ pe inunibini ti awọn kristeni nipasẹ Nero ati sọ ( [[wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 15#44|Akọsilẹ 15.44]] ) pe Pilatu paṣẹ pe ki a pa Jésù: <ref name="Theissen81"> Theissen 1998, pp. &nbsp; 81-83 </ref> <ref name="Green1997">{{Cite book|title=The Gospel of Luke : new international commentary on the New Testament|url=https://books.google.com/?id=koYlW6IoOjMC&pg=PR85&dq=Joel+B.+Green,+The+Gospel+of+Luke,+(Eerdmans,+1997),+page+168}}</ref> <blockquote> Nero ṣe idajọ ẹbi naa o si fi awọn ẹbi ti o dara julọ julọ ṣe lori ẹgbẹ kan ti o korira nitori ohun irira wọn, ti a pe ni kristeni nipasẹ awọn eniyan. Christus, ẹniti orukọ rẹ ti ni ibẹrẹ rẹ, jiya ijiya nla ni akoko Tiberius ni ọwọ ọkan ninu awọn alakoso wa, Pontius Pilatus. </blockquote> Awọn oluwadi nigbagbogbo ronu Tacitus ti o tọka si ipaniyan Jésù nipa Pilatu lati jẹ otitọ, ati ti itan itan bi orisun orisun Romu kan. <ref name="Voorst39">Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence'' Eerdmans Publishing {{ISBN|0-8028-4368-9}} pages&nbsp;39–42</ref> <ref name="MAPowell33">''Jesus as a figure in history: how modern historians view the man from Galilee'' by Mark Allan Powell 1998 {{ISBN|0-664-25703-8}} page 33</ref> <ref name="CEvans42">''Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies'' by Craig A. Evans 2001 {{ISBN|0-391-04118-5}} page 42</ref> <ref>''Ancient Rome'' by William E. Dunstan 2010 {{ISBN|0-7425-6833-4}} page 293</ref> <ref>Tacitus' characterization of "Christian abominations" may have been based on the rumors in Rome that during the [[Eucharist]] rituals Christians ate the body and drank the blood of their God, interpreting the symbolic ritual as cannibalism by Christians. References: ''Ancient Rome'' by William E. Dunstan 2010 {{ISBN|0-7425-6833-4}} page 293 and ''An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity'' by Delbert Royce Burkett 2002 {{ISBN|0-521-00720-8}} page 485</ref> <ref>''Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation'' by Helen K. Bond 2004 {{ISBN|0-521-61620-4}} page xi</ref> Eddy ati Boyd sọ pe o ti "ni idiwọ mulẹ" pe Tacitus funni ni idaniloju ti kristeni kan ti a mọ agbelebu Jésù. <ref name="EddyB127">Eddy, Paul; Boyd, Gregory (2007). ''The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition'' Baker Academic, {{ISBN|0-8010-3114-1}} page 127</ref>

Miran ti o le ṣe afiwe si agbelebu ( ''"adiye" cf.'' ''{{Bibleref2|Luke|23:39}} ; {{Bibleref2|Galatians|3:13}}'' ) ni a ri ninu Talmud Babiloni: {{Quote|On the eve of the Passover [[Yeshu]] was hanged. For forty days before the execution took place, a herald went forth and cried, 'He is going forth to be stoned because he has practised sorcery and enticed Israel to [[apostasy]]. Anyone who can say anything in his favour, let him come forward and plead on his behalf.' But since nothing was brought forward in his favour he was hanged on the eve of the Passover!|[[Sanhedrin (tractate)|Sanhedrin 43a]]|''Babylonian Talmud'' (Soncino Edition)}} Biotilẹjẹpe awọn ibeere ti awọn idi ti awọn idanimọ ti Yeshu ati Jésù ti wa ni igba diẹ ni ariyanjiyan, ọpọlọpọ awọn onkqwe gba pe igbesi aye ti o wa lokekeji ni o fẹ jẹ nipa Jésù, Peteru Schäfer sọ pe ko le ṣe iyemeji pe alaye yii ipaniyan ni Talmud n tọka si Jésù ti Nasareti. <ref>''Jesus in the Talmud'' by Peter Schäfer (August 24, 2009) {{ISBN|0-691-14318-8}} page 141 and 9</ref> Robert Van Voorst sọ pe ipinnu Sanhedrin 43a fun Jésù ni a le fi idi rẹ mulẹ ko nikan lati itọkasi funrararẹ, ṣugbọn lati ibi ti o yika ka. <ref>Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). ''Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence'' Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. {{ISBN|0-8028-4368-9}} pages&nbsp;177–118</ref>

 

 

Diẹ ninu awọn Kristiani Gnostic igba akọkọ ti nṣe ipinnu, gbigbagbọ pe Jésù ko ni ohun ti ara, sẹ pe a kàn a mọ agbelebu. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Fair play: diversity and conflicts in early Christianity : essays in honour of Heikki Räisänen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSVNH95ckNUC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Gnostic gospels}}</ref> Ni idahun, Ignatius ti Antioku jẹwọ pe a bi Jésù nitõtọ ati pe a kàn mọ agbelebu nitõtọ o si kọwe pe awọn ti o pe pe Jésù nikan dabi pe o jiya nikan ti o dabi pe Onigbagbọ ni. <ref>[http://www.google.com/search?tbm=bks&tbo=1&q=Barclay+%22truly+crucified%22+%22tenets+of+Gnosticism%22&btnG= William Barclay, ''Great Themes of the New Testament'']. Westminster John Knox Press. 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-664-22385-4}}. p. 41.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>

Ko si ifọkanbalẹ kan nipa ọjọ gangan ti a kàn mọ agbelebu Jésù, biotilejepe awọn alakoso Bibeli ni gbogbogbo gba pe o wa ni Ọjọ Jimọ lori tabi ajọ irekọja ( Nisan 15), lakoko igbakeji Pontiu Pilatu (ẹniti o jọba AD 26-36 ). <ref name="Lémonon 1981 29–32">{{Cite book|title=Pilate et le gouvernement de la Judée: textes et monuments, Études bibliques}}</ref> Awọn oluwadi ti pese awọn nkanro fun ọdun ti a kàn mọ agbelebu ni ibiti o wa ni iwọn 30-33 AD, <ref name="ChronosPaul">[[Paul L. Maier]] "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" in ''Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies'' by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 {{ISBN|0-931464-50-1}} pages 113–129</ref> <ref name="Kostenberger140">''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament'' by [[Andreas J. Köstenberger]], L. Scott Kellum 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8054-4365-3}} page 114</ref> <ref name="Barnett19">''Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times'' by Paul Barnett 2002 {{ISBN|0-8308-2699-8}} pages 19–21</ref> pẹlu Rainer Riesner sọ pe "Ẹkẹrinla ọjọ Nisan (7 Kẹrin) ọdun AD 30, ero ti ọpọlọpọ ninu awọn ọjọgbọn ọjọgbọn, jina ati kuro ni ọjọ ti o jẹ julọ ti a kàn mọ agbelebu Jésù. " <ref name="Rainer Riesner 1998 page 58"> Rainer Riesner, ''Akoko akoko Paulu: Chronology, Strategy Strategy, Theology'' (Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998), oju-iwe 58. </ref> Ọjọ miiran ti o fẹ ju laarin awọn ọjọgbọn jẹ Ọjọ Ẹtì, Ọjọ Kẹrin Ọjọ 3, 33 AD. <ref name="Maier, P.L. 1968 3–13">{{Cite journal|title=Sejanus, Pilate, and the Date of the Crucifixion}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The evidence of astronomy and technical chronology for the date of the crucifixion}}</ref>

 

 

Igbẹkẹgbẹ ti sikolashipu ni pe awọn akọsilẹ ti Majẹmu Titun n ṣe apejuwe agbelebu kan ni Ọjọ Jimo, ṣugbọn a ti dabaa fun Ọrun tabi Ọkọrẹ a mọ agbelebu. <ref name="Nis167" /> <ref name="Kellum142">''The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament'' by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 {{ISBN|978-0-8054-4365-3}} pages 142–143</ref> Awọn ọjọgbọn kan sọ ni Ojobo kan mọ agbelebu ti o da lori "isinmi meji" ti o jẹ ki ọsẹ Isinmi ti o ti kọja ni ojo Ojobo titi di ọsan Friday, niwaju ọjọ isimi ti Osu. <ref name="Nis167">{{Cite web}}</ref> <ref> Cyclopaedia of Biblical, theological, ati awọn iwe-mimọ ti Kristi: Iwọn didun 7 John McClintock, James Strong - 1894 "... &nbsp; o dubulẹ ni isà-okú lori 15th (eyi ti o jẹ "ọjọ giga" tabi ọjọ isimi meji, nitoripe isimi ọsẹ ni ibamu &nbsp; ... " </ref> Diẹ ninu awọn ti jiyan pe a kàn Jésù mọ agbelebu ni PANA, kii ṣe Ọjọ Ẹtì, ni aaye ti a sọ "ọjọ mẹta ati oru mẹta" ni {{Bibleref2||Matthew|12:40}} ṣaaju ajinde rẹ, ti a ṣe ni ọjọ isimi. Awọn ẹlomiran ti ni idaamu nipa sisọ pe eyi ko kọ awọn ọrọ Juu ti eyiti "ọjọ ati oru" le tọka si eyikeyi apakan ninu wakati wakati 24, pe ọrọ ti o wa ninu Matteu jẹ asọtẹlẹ, kii ṣe ọrọ kan pe Jésù wa ni wakati 72 ni ibojì, ati pe awọn ọpọlọpọ awọn apejuwe si ajinde lori ọjọ kẹta ko nilo awọn akọle gangan mẹta. <ref name="Nis167" /> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>

 

=== Ona si agbelebu ===

Awọn Ihinrere mẹta Synopptiki n tọka si ọkunrin kan ti a npè ni Simoni ti Cyrene ti awọn ọmọ-ogun Romu paṣẹ lati gbe agbelebu lẹhin ti Jésù bẹrẹ ni iṣaju rẹ ṣugbọn lẹhinna ṣubu, <ref>{{Bibleref2|Matthew|27:32}}, {{Bibleref2|Mark|15:21}}, {{Bibleref2|Luke|23:26}}</ref> nigba ti Ihinrere Johanu sọ pe Jésù "mu" agbelebu rẹ. [ Jn. 19:17 ]

 

[[Ìhìnrere Lúkù|Ihinrere ti Luku]] Jésù pe awọn obirin wọnyi gẹgẹ bi "awọn ọmọbinrin Jerusalemu", o si ṣe iyatọ wọn lati awọn obinrin ti ihinrere kanna ṣe apejuwe gẹgẹbi "awọn obinrin ti o tẹle e lati Galili" ati awọn ti o wa nibẹ ni agbelebu rẹ. <ref>{{bibleverse||Luke|23:46|ESV}} and {{bibleverse-nb||Luke|23:55}}</ref>

 

 

Ko si itọkasi fun obirin kan ti a npe ni Feronika <ref> Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok, ''Ta ni ẹniti o jẹ Kristiẹniti'', (Routledge 1998), oju-iwe 303. </ref> ninu awọn Ihinrere, ṣugbọn awọn orisun gẹgẹbi ''Acta Sanctorum'' ṣe apejuwe rẹ gẹgẹbi obirin oloootọ ti [[Jerúsálẹ́mù|Jerusalemu ti]] o ni iyọnu gẹgẹbi [[Jésù|Jésù]] gbe agbelebu rẹ lọ si Golgọta, fun u ni iboju rẹ ki o le pa iwaju rẹ kuro. <ref> ''[[Notes and Queries|Awọn akọsilẹ ati Awọn ibeere]]'', Iwọn didun Keje 6-Oṣù Kejìlá 1852, London, oju iwe 252 </ref> <ref> Iwe akosile ti Archaeological (UK), Iwọn didun 7, 1850 oju iwe 413 </ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> <ref>Alban Butler, 2000 ''Lives of the Saints'' {{ISBN|0-86012-256-5}} page 84</ref>

Ihinrere ti Johanu tun sọ nipa awọn obirin ti o wa, ṣugbọn nikan nmẹnuba awọn ọmọ ogun <ref>{{bibleverse||John|19:23–24|ESV}}, {{bibleverse-nb||John|19:32–34|ESV}}</ref> ati " ọmọ-ẹhin ti Jésù fẹ ". <ref>{{bibleverse||John|19:26–27|ESV}}</ref>

 

 

=== Ọna ati ona ===

[[Fáìlì:Gustave_Doré_-_Crucifixion_of_Jesus.jpg|thumb|229x229px| Agbelebu Jésù lori igi agbelebu meji, lati ''Sainte Bible'' (1866) ]]

Ko da julọ kristeni gbagbo awọn gibbet lori eyi ti Jésù ti pa wà ni ibile meji-beamed agbelebu, awọn Jehovah tọn lẹ mu awọn view ti a nikan ṣinṣin igi ti a lo. Awọn ọrọ Gẹẹsi ati Latin ti a lo ninu awọn iwe ẹsin Kristiẹni akọkọ jẹ iṣoro. Awọn ofin Giriki Koine ti a lo ninu Majẹmu Titun jẹ ''stauros'' ( {{Lang|grc|σταυρός}} ) ati ''xylon'' ( {{Lang|grc|ξύλον}} ). Igbẹhin tumọ si igi (igi gbigbe, igi tabi ohun ti a ṣe ninu igi); ninu awọn ẹhin Giriki ti tẹlẹ, ọrọ iṣaaju tumọ si igi pipe tabi ọpa, ṣugbọn ni Koine Giriki o tun lo tun tun tumọ si agbelebu. <ref name="LSJ">{{Cite web}}</ref> Awọn ọrọ Latin ọrọ ''crux ni'' a tun ṣe si awọn nkan miiran ju agbelebu lọ. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>

 

 

Ero ti lilo ti agbelebu meji ti o ni imọran ko mọ iye awọn eekanna ti a lo ninu agbelebu ati diẹ ninu awọn imọran ni imọran eekanna mẹta nigbati awọn miran daba eekanna mẹrin. <ref>''The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia'' by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1988 {{ISBN|0-8028-3785-9}} page 826</ref> Sibẹsibẹ, ninu itan-akọọlẹ ọpọlọpọ awọn nọmba ti eekanna ti wa ni idaniloju, ni awọn igba bi giga to 14 eekanna. <ref name="Kitto">''Encyclopedia of Biblical Literature, Part 2'' by John Kitto 2003 {{ISBN|0-7661-5980-9}} page 591</ref> Awọn iyatọ wọnyi tun wa ni awọn apejuwe awọn ọna ti agbelebu. <ref name="IreneE">''Renaissance art: a topical dictionary'' by Irene Earls 1987 {{ISBN|0-313-24658-0}} page 64</ref> Ni Iha Iwọ-Oorun, ṣaaju ki Renaissance maa n fa eekanna mẹrin yoo jẹ afihan, pẹlu awọn ẹgbẹ ẹsẹ lẹgbẹẹ. Lẹhin ti Renaissance julọ awọn apejuwe lo eekanna mẹta, pẹlu ẹsẹ kan gbe lori miiran. <ref name="IreneE" /> Awọn ẹiyẹ ti fẹrẹ han nigbagbogbo ninu aworan, biotilejepe awọn [[Ilẹ̀ Ọbalúayé Rómù|Romu]] ma n so awọn olufaragba naa si agbelebu. <ref name="IreneE" /> Awọn atọwọdọwọ tun gbe lọ si apẹẹrẹ awọn Kristiani, fun apẹẹrẹ Jésùits lo awọn eekanna mẹta labẹ IHS monogram ati agbelebu kan lati ṣe afiwe agbelebu. <ref>''The visual arts: a history'' by Hugh Honour, John Fleming 1995 {{ISBN|0-8109-3928-2}} page 526</ref>

 

 

Miiran ti ijakadi ti jẹ awọn lilo ti kan hypopodium bi a ipade to duro lati ṣe atilẹyin ẹsẹ, fun pe ọwọ le ko ti ni anfani lati ṣe atilẹyin awọn iwuwo. Ni orundun 17th Rasmus Bartholin ṣe apejuwe ọpọlọpọ awọn oju iṣẹlẹ ayẹwo ti koko-ọrọ naa. <ref name="Kitto">''Encyclopedia of Biblical Literature, Part 2'' by John Kitto 2003 {{ISBN|0-7661-5980-9}} page 591</ref> Ni ọgọrun ọdun 20, oniwadi oniwadi oniwadi Frederick Zugibe ṣe ọpọlọpọ awọn idanwo ti a kàn mọ agbelebu nipa lilo awọn okùn lati gbe awọn olukọ eniyan ni oriṣi awọn igun ati awọn ipo ọwọ. <ref name="Moore639">''The Chronological Life of Christ'' by Mark E. Moore 2007 {{ISBN|0-89900-955-7}} page&nbsp;639–643</ref> Awọn idanwo rẹ ṣe atilẹyin fun idaduro titiipa, ati igi agbelebu meji, ati boya diẹ ninu awọn atilẹyin ẹsẹ, ti fi fun ni pe ninu ọna ti a gbe ''nipo Aufbinden'' lati igi ti o tọ (gẹgẹbi awọn Nazis ti lo ni ibi idaniloju Dachau nigba [[Ogun Àgbáyé Ẹlẹ́ẹ̀kejì|Ogun Agbaye II]] ), iku wa kuku yarayara. <ref> ''Agbelebu ati Ikun Ikolu ti Jesu Kristi'' nipasẹ Geoffrey L Phelan MD, 2009 ISBN ojúewé &nbsp; 106-111 </ref>

'''Samisi / Matteu'''

 

 

 

'''Luku'''

 

=== Awọn iṣẹlẹ iṣẹlẹ ti o ṣe apejuwe ===

 

==== Dudu ====

Colin Humphreys ati WG Waddington ti [[Yunifásítì ìlú Oxford|Ile-ẹkọ Oxford]] ṣe akiyesi pe o rọrun pe oṣuwọn, ju oorun lọ, oṣupa le ti waye. <ref name="HumWadJASA"> Colin J. Humphreys ati WG Waddington, ''Ọjọ ti Agbekọja Agbeleburo'' ti Ikẹkọ Ọgbọn ti Amẹrika 37 (Oṣu Kẹta 1985) [http://www.asa3.org/aSA/PSCF/1985/JASA3-85Humphreys.html] </ref> <ref>[[Colin Humphreys]], ''The Mystery of the Last Supper'' Cambridge University Press 2011 {{ISBN|978-0-521-73200-0}}, p. 193 (However note that Humphreys places the Last Supper on a Wednesday)</ref> Wọn pinnu pe iru oṣupa yii yoo ti han, fun ọgbọn iṣẹju, lati Jerusalemu o si daba pe itọkasi ọrọ ihinrere si oju oṣupa gangan jẹ abajade ti akọwe kan ti n ṣe atunṣe ọrọ kan laiṣe. Onkọwe David Henige ṣe akiyesi alaye yii gẹgẹbi 'ailagbara' <ref name="henige">{{Cite book|title=Historical evidence and argument}}</ref> ati astronomer Bradley Schaefer ti ṣe akiyesi pe o ko ni han ni oju oṣupa gangan lakoko awọn wakati ọsan. <ref> Schaefer, BE (Oṣù 1990). Iboju ti aala ati agbelebu. Royal Astronomical Society Quarterly Journal, 31 (1), 53-67 </ref> <ref> Schaefer, BE (Keje 1991). Glare ati oju ọrun. Awọn iwe-aṣẹ ti Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 103, 645-660. </ref>

 

 

==== Iboju tẹmpili, ìṣẹlẹ ati ajinde awọn eniyan mimọ ti o ku ====

Ni awọn Mark ati Matthew àpamọ, awọn balogun ọrún ni idiyele comments lori awọn iṣẹlẹ: "Lóòótọ ni ọkunrin yi Ọmọ Ọlọrun!" [ Mii. 15:39 ] tabi "Lõtọ eyi ni Ọmọ Ọlọhun !". [ Mt. 27:54 ] Ihinrere ti Luku kọ ọ pe, "Dajudaju ọkunrin yi jẹ alailẹṣẹ!" [ Lk. 23:47 ]

 

 

== Awọn eto egbogi ==

[[Fáìlì:Deposition_of_Christ_C2RMF.jpg|left|thumb|276x276px| Ipinju Bronzino ''ti Kristi'' ]]

Ni 1847, ti o da lori itọkasi ninu Ihinrere ti Johannu ( {{Bibleref2|John|19:34}} ) si ẹjẹ ati omi ti o jade nigbati a ti gun ọkọ Jésù pẹlu ọkọ kan, dọkita William Stroud dabaa ariyanjiyan okan ti ariyanjiyan ti iku iku Kristi eyiti o ni ipa nọmba kan ti awọn eniyan miiran. <ref> William Stroud, 1847, ''Ṣe itọju lori Iku ti Jesu Kristi ni'' London: Hamilton ati Adams. </ref> <ref>William Seymour, 2003, ''The Cross in Tradition, History and Art'' {{ISBN|0-7661-4527-1}}</ref>

Ẹkọ iṣan ti ẹjẹ inu ẹjẹ jẹ alaye ti o wọpọ ni igbalode ati imọran pe Jésù ku nipa ibanujẹ nla. Gẹgẹbi irọ yii, awọn ipalara, awọn ẹgun, ati gbigbe si agbelebu yoo ti fi Jésù silẹ ti o ṣaisan, alailera, ati aisan aisan ati pe eyi yoo ti fa ipalara ti ẹjẹ. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.frugalsites.net/jesus/death.htm The Physical Death Of Jesus Christ, Study by The Mayo Clinic] {{Webarchive}} citing studies by Bucklin R (The legal and medical aspects of the trial and death of Christ. ''Sci Law'' 1970; 10:14–26), Mikulicz-Radeeki FV (The chest wound in the crucified Christ. ''Med News'' 1966; 14:30–40), Davis CT (The Crucifixion of Jesus: The passion of Christ from a medical point of view. ''Ariz Med'' 1965; 22:183–187), and Barbet P (''A Doctor at Calvary: The Passion of Out Lord Jesus Christ as Described by a Surgeon'', Earl of Wicklow (trans) Garden City, NY, Doubleday Image Books 1953, pp 12–18, 37–147, 159–175, 187–208).</ref>

 

 

Ninu iwe rẹ ''The Crucifixion of Jésùs'', oniwosan ati oniwosan oṣan- ara ẹni Frederick Zugibe ṣe iwadi awọn ipo ti o lewu fun iku Jésù ni awọn apejuwe. <ref>Frederick Zugibe, 2005, ''The Crucifixion of Jesus: A Forensic Inquiry'' Evans Publishing, {{ISBN|1-59077-070-6}}</ref> <ref> JW Hewitt, ''Awọn lilo ti Nails ni agbelebu'' Harvard Theological Review, 1932 </ref> Zugibe ṣe awọn nọmba kan ti awọn igbadun lori ọdun pupọ lati ṣe idanwo awọn ero rẹ nigba ti o jẹ olutọju ilera. <ref name="experiments" /> Awọn ijinlẹ wọnyi wa awọn imudaniloju ti awọn oluranlowo pẹlu awọn iṣiro kan pato ti wa ni ara wọn ni awọn igun pato ati iye ti fifa ni ọwọ kọọkan ni a ṣe iwọn, ni awọn ibi ti awọn ẹsẹ ti ni idaniloju tabi rara. Ninu awọn iṣẹlẹ wọnyi iye iye ti fa ati irora ti o baamu ni a ri lati ṣe pataki. <ref name="experiments">{{Cite web}}</ref>

Pierre Barbet, aṣogun Faranse kan, ati alakikan giga ni Saint Joseph's Hospital ni [[Parisi|Paris]], <ref> [[New Scientist|Onimọṣẹ tuntun]] Oṣu Kẹwa 12, 1978, oju-iwe 96 </ref> ṣe idaniloju pe Jésù yoo ni lati ni isinmi awọn iṣan rẹ lati gba air to ga lati sọ awọn ọrọ rẹ kẹhin, ni oju ti asphyxia ti npa. <ref> Barbet, Pierre. ''Dokita ni Kalfari'', New York: Awọn aworan Pipa, 1963. </ref> Diẹ ninu awọn ero ti Barbet, fun apẹẹrẹ, ibi ti eekanna, Zugibe ni ariyanjiyan.

 

 

Ni ọdun 2003, awọn onkumọ FP Retief ati L. Cilliers ṣe atunyẹwo itan ati awọn itọju ti a kàn mọ agbelebu gẹgẹbi awọn ara Romu ṣe, o si daba pe idi ti iku jẹ igbagbogbo awọn nkan. Wọn tun sọ pe awọn alaṣọ Romu ni wọn ko ni idena lati lọ kuro ni ibi-iṣẹlẹ titi ikú yoo fi waye. <ref name="retief">{{Cite journal}}</ref>

 

 

 

Ni Johannini "oluranlowo Christology" ifarabalẹ ti Jésù lati kàn mọ agbelebu jẹ ẹbọ ti a ṣe gẹgẹbi oluranṣe ti Ọlọhun tabi iranṣẹ Ọlọrun, fun idibajẹ igbala. <ref name="Cullmann">''The Christology of the New Testamen''t by Oscar Cullmann 1959 {{ISBN|0-664-24351-7}} page 79</ref> <ref>''The Johannine exegesis of God'' by Daniel Rathnakara Sadananda 2005 {{ISBN|3-11-018248-3}} page 281</ref> Eyi n kọ lori akori salvific ti [[Ìhìnrere Jòhánù|Ihinrere ti Johannu]] eyiti o bẹrẹ ni [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/John#1:29|Johannu 1:29]] pẹlu ikede proclamation Johannu Baptisti : "Ọdọ-agutan Ọlọrun ti o kó ẹṣẹ aiye lọ". <ref name="Pollard">''Johannine Christology'' and the Early Church by T. E. Pollard 2005 {{ISBN|0-521-01868-4}} page 21</ref> <ref name="Hengel371">''Studies in Early Christology'' by Martin Hengel 2004 {{ISBN|0-567-04280-4}} page 371</ref> A ṣe afikun imuduro ti Erongba ni [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Revelation#21:14|Ifihan 21:14]] nibi ti " ọdọ-agutan ti a pa ṣugbọn ti o duro " jẹ nikan ni o yẹ lati mu iwe yi lọ (ie iwe ti o ni awọn orukọ ti awọn ti o wa ni fipamọ. <ref name="DeHaan">''Studies in Revelation'' by [[M. R. DeHaan|Martin Ralph DeHaan]], 1998 {{ISBN|0-8254-2485-2}} page 103</ref>

Ohun pataki kan ninu Ẹkọ-Kristi ti o wa ninu Awọn [[Ìṣe àwọn Àpóstélì|Aposteli ti Aṣẹ]] jẹ ifọrọwọrọ pe igbagbọ pe iku Jésù nipa kàn mọ agbelebu "ṣẹlẹ pẹlu ìmọtẹlẹ Ọlọrun, gẹgẹbi ilana ti o daju". <ref name="Matera67">''New Testament christology'' by Frank J. Matera 1999 {{ISBN|0-664-25694-5}} page 67</ref> Ni eleyii, gẹgẹbi ninu [[wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Acts#2:23|Iṣe Awọn Aposteli 2:23]], a ko fi agbelebu bii ẹgan, nitori pe wọn kan agbelebu Jésù "ni ọwọ awọn alaiṣedede" ni a wo bi imisi eto Ọlọrun. <ref name="Matera67" /> <ref>''The speeches in Acts: their content, context, and concerns'' by Marion L. Soards 1994 {{ISBN|0-664-25221-4}} page 34</ref>

 

 

 

 

=== Etutu ===

 

Ni '''Ìjọ ti Jésù Krístì ti Àwọn Ènìyàn Mímọ Ọjọ Ìkẹhìn''' ni Agbelebu Jésù jẹ apá kan Ètùtù. "Ètùtù ti Jésù Krístì ni isẹtẹlẹ tí a yàn tẹlẹ ṣùgbọn ti ìfẹtiṣe ti Ọmọ bíbí kanṣoṣo ti Ọlọrun. O funni ni igbesi aye rẹ, pẹlu ara alaiṣẹ rẹ, ẹjẹ, ati irora ti ẹmí gẹgẹbi irapada rirọpada (1) fun ipa ti Isubu Adam lori gbogbo eniyan ati (2) fun awọn ẹṣẹ ara ẹni ti gbogbo awọn ti o ronupiwada, lati Adam si opin aye. Àwọn Ènìyàn Mímọ Ìgbà Ìkẹhìn gbà pé èyí ni ọrọ pàtàkì, ìpìlẹ pàtàkì, ẹkọ ẹkọ pàtàkì, àti ìfihàn àgbàlá ti ìfẹ Ọlọrun nínú Ètò Ìgbàlà. "< [https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Atonement_of_Jesus_Christ Https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Atonement_of_Jésùs_Christ] > Wolii Joseph Smith sọ pe gbogbo "awọn ohun ti iṣe ti ẹsin wa jẹ apẹrẹ nikan" si Ẹbi ti Kristi. <Ẹkọ ti Wolii Joseph Smith, p. 121)>

<nowiki></br></nowiki> Ninu aṣa atọwọdọwọ [[Ìjọ Kátólìkì|Roman Catholic]] itumọ eleyi ti igbala jẹ iwontunwonsi nipasẹ ojuse awọn Roman Katọliki lati ṣe Iṣe ti Irapada si Jésù Kristi <ref name="Encyclopedia">{{Cite book}}</ref> eyiti o wa ninu iwe-itumọ ''Miserentissimus Redemptor'' ti [[Pópù Pius 11k|Pope Pius XI]] gẹgẹbi "diẹ ninu awọn iyọọda lati ṣe fun ipalara "pẹlu ọwọ awọn ijiya ti Jésù. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> [[Pópù Jòhánù Páúlù Èkejì|Pope John Paul II]] tọka si awọn Aposteli Irapada wọnyi gẹgẹbi "igbiyanju ti ko ni idaniloju lati duro lẹgbẹẹ awọn irekọja ailopin lori eyiti Ọmọ Ọlọrun tẹsiwaju lati kàn mọ agbelebu." <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>

 

 

== Dii ti a kàn mọ agbelebu ==

Gẹgẹbi diẹ ninu awọn ẹgbẹ Kristiẹni ni ilu Japan, Jésù Kristi ko ku lori agbelebu ni Golgọta. Dipo arakunrin rẹ kekere, Isukiri, <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> gbe ipo rẹ lori agbelebu, nigbati Jésù sá lọ si Siberia si agbegbe Mutsu, ni ariwa Japan. Lọgan ni Japan, o di alagbẹ igbẹ, ti gbeyawo, o si gbe ẹbi kan pẹlu awọn ọmọbinrin mẹta sunmọ ohun ti o wa ni Shingō bayi. Lakoko ti o ti ni Japan, a sọ pe o ṣe ajo, kẹkọọ, o si ku ni ọdun 106. Ara rẹ ti farahan lori oke kan fun ọdun mẹrin. Gẹgẹbi awọn aṣa ti akoko naa, awọn egungun Jésù ni a kojọpọ, ti a fi ṣọkan, ti a si sin wọn sinu ibiti. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Bartlett|first1=Duncan|title=Programmes &#124; From Our Own Correspondent &#124; The Japanese Jesus trail|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Tun musọmu kan wa ni ilu Japan ti o sọ pe o ni eri ti awọn ẹtọ wọnyi. <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref>

 

 

== Ni aworan, awọn aami ati awọn ifarahan ==

 

Awọn agbelebu, ti a ti ri lati Cross nipasẹ Tissot gbekalẹ ni imọran kan ni opin ti ọdun 19th, ninu eyiti a ti ṣe apejuwe agbelebu ni oju ti Jésù. <ref>''James Tissot: the Life of Christ'' by Judith F. Dolkart 2009 {{ISBN|1-85894-496-1}} page 201</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Modern Art and the Death of a Culture|first1=H. R.|last=Rookmaaker|page=73|publisher=Crossway Books|year=1970}}</ref>

Devotions ti o da lori ilana ti a kàn mọ agbelebu, ati awọn ijiya ti Jésù tẹle awọn Onigbagbọ pupọ. Awọn Stations ti Agbelebu tẹle awọn ipo diẹ ti o da lori awọn ipele ti o waye ninu agbelebu Jésù, lakoko ti o ti lo Rosary ti awọn Ẹmi Mimọ lati ṣe àṣàrò lori ọgbẹ Jésù gẹgẹbi apakan ti agbelebu.

 

Fáìlì:Gotland-Dalhem Kyrka Glasmalerei 04.jpg|''[[Betrayal of Christ]]'', [[stained glass]], [[Gotland]], Sweden, 1240

Fáìlì:Mateo Cerezo d. J. 001.jpg|[[Mateo Cerezo]], ''[[Ecce Homo]]'', 1650