Jiopolima (Geopolymers)

Jiopólímà (Geopolymers)

Jiopólímà jẹ́ ohun èlò àtọwọ́dá, gẹ́gẹ́ bi seramiki, àwọn ohun tí ógùn, tí ó sopọ̀ pẹ̀lú covalent, àwọn nẹ́tíwọkì tí kòní gantán (amorphous). Àjẹkù Obsidian (gílásì folti) jẹ́ pāti diẹ nínú àwọn ohun èlò fún jiopólímà ^[1]. Jiopólímà le jẹ́ ohun ìwúlò fún ìs’ẹ̀dá ǹkan tí ó rí ara gba iná, tí ó ṣee lẹ ńkan pọ̀, àwọn ohun èlò ōògùn, àwọn alámọ̀ tuntun fún àwọn kọnkéré tí ó rí ara gba iná, àti àpamọ́ fún májèlé àti oríṣiríṣi ǹkan tó le fa ìpanilára.

Àwọn ohun-ìní àti àwọn ìwúlò jiopólímà jẹ́ ǹkan tí àwọn oní ìmọ̀-ìjìnlẹ̀ àti ilé-iṣé ńṣe àwárí ní ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀: kemistri ohun àtọwọ́dá ìgbàlódé, kemistri ti ara, kẹ́místrí colloid, ìmọ̀ ohun àlùmọ́nì, ìmọ̀ ẹ̀kọ́ nípa ilẹ̀, àti oríṣi míiràn bi àwọn ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ.

Jiopólímà jẹ́ apákan tí ìmọ̀-ìjìnlẹ̀ polima, kẹ́místrí àti ìmọ̀-ẹ̀rọ tí ò jẹ́ ọ̀kan nínú àwọn agbègbè pàtàkì tí ìmọ̀-jìnlẹ̀ ohun èlò. Àwọn pólímà le jẹ́ ohun èlò àdáyébá, bí ǹkan orísun-carbon, tàbí àtọwọ́dá pólímà, fún àpẹẹrẹ - láti orísun ohun àlùmọ́nì (silicon). Àwọn pólímà àdáyébá ní orísi kílásì bi àdámọ́ pólímà (roba, cellulose), àwọn àdàmọ̀dì àdáyébá pólímà (bi okùn aṣọ, ike, àwọn fíìmù, àwọn ǹkan tí amá ràn, àti bẹ́ẹ̀bẹ̀ lọ) àti pólímà abínibí (ìsèdálè, òògùn, ilé elégbògi). Àwọn ohun èlò fún ṣíṣe pólímà tí óní ìpìlẹ̀ alumọni (silicon) jẹ́ ohun tí a le rí láti ara àpáta ti orísun ilẹ̀, nítorínáá orúkọ náà: jiopólímà. Joseph Davidovits jẹ́ ẹnití ó fun ní orúkọ yí ní ọdún 1978^[2] tí ó si ṣe àdásílè Àjọ ìmọ̀-ìjìnlè Faranse (Association Loi 1901) Institut Géopolymère (Ilé-ẹ̀kọ́ Jiopólímà).

Gẹ́gẹ́bi T.F. Yen ṣe sọ^[3] jiopólímà ṣe pín sí àwọn ẹgbẹ́ ńlá méjì: àtọwọ́dá jiopólímà àti jiopólímà tí ó ní àwọn ǹkan àdáyébá nínú. Jiopólímà jẹ́ pàtàkì ohun èló kémíkálì àlùmọ́nì fún àpẹẹrẹ silico-oxide (-Si-O-Si-O-), silico-aluminate (-Si-O-Al-O-), ferro-silico-aluminate (-Fe-O-Si-O-Al-O-) tàbí alumino-fósífétí (-Al-O-P-O-), tí a ṣẹ̀dá nípasẹ̀ ìlànà tì geopolymerization^[4]. Ìṣelọ́pọ̀ ǹkan tí ó wà ní erùpè ilè yíí (geosynthesis) ni a gbékalẹ̀ àkọ́kọ́ ní àpéjọ IUPAC ní ọdún 1976. ^[5]

Afiwe ìsẹ̀dà sementi àti jiopólímà

Àwọn bí inú jiopólímà ṣerí jẹ́ ohun tó dálé ìwọ̀n ìgbóná tàbí ooru:

jẹ́ amorphous X-ray láàrin ìwọ̀n otútù tàbí ooru yàrá,
Ṣùgbọ́n o má n di gẹ́gẹ́ bí òkúta ńlá ní àwọn ìwọ̀n ìgbóná tí ó ju 500°C lọ. ^[6]

A le ṣe ìyàtọ̀ láàrin ọ̀nà méjì fún ṣíṣe jiopólímà:

Ní ìpìlẹ̀ akalaini (alkaline) (Na⁺, K⁺, Li⁺, Ca²⁺, Cs⁺ àti bẹ́ẹ̀bẹ́ẹ̀);
Ní ìpìlẹ̀ aísídí (acid) pẹ̀lú aísídí fọ̀fọ́ríkí, àwọn aísídí Organic carboxylic láti ara ohun ọ̀gbìn (acetic, citric, oxalic, àti aísídí humic).

Ọ̀nà tó dálé ìpìlẹ̀ akalaini jẹ́ pàtàkì jùlọ fún ìwádíi àti ìdàgbàsókè àti àwọn ohun èlò ìṣòwò àti pé a ṣàlàyé ní ìsàlẹ̀. Àlàyé fún ọ̀nà tó dálé ti ìpìlẹ̀ aísídí wà ní.^[7]^[8]

Kíni Jipólímà?

Ní bíi ọdún 1950, Viktor Glukovsky, ti Kiev, USSR, ṣe àgbékalẹ̀ àwọn ohun èlò konkéré tí a ti mọ̀ lábẹ́ àwọn orúkọ "kankéré láti ara yanrìn ilẹ̀" àti "simenti láti ara ilẹ̀", ^[9] ṣùgbọ́n láti ìgbà tí Joseph Davidovits ti ṣe ìfihàn ọ̀nà ìṣẹ̀dá jiopólímà, ìsọrúkọ àti ìtumọ̀ 'jiopólímà’ ti di ohun tó pọ̀ to si n fa. Àwọn àpẹẹrẹ tí ó wà ní ìsàlẹ̀ ni a mú láti àwọn ìwé ìmọ̀-jìnlẹ̀ 2011, tí àwọn onímọ̀-jìnlẹ̀ nínú oríṣiríṣi ẹ̀kọ́ kọ.

Oríṣiríṣi Ìtumọ̀ ló wà fún jiopólímà ^[10]

Oríṣiríṣi Ìtumọ̀ ohun a mọ si Jiopólímà

Fún àwọn oní ìmọ̀ kemistri ^[11]

'... Jiopólímà ni ìlànà polymeric Si-O-Al, tí o jọ ti zeolites. Ìyàtọ̀ àkọ́kọ́ sí zeolite ni pé jiopólímà jẹ́ amorphous dípò crystalline. Àwọn ohun tó dìpọ̀ sínú jiopólímà (microstructure) lórí ìwọ̀n kan nànómétà tí a ṣe àkíyèsí nípasẹ̀ TEM ni àwọn ìṣùpọ̀ aluminosilicate kékeré pẹ̀lú àwọn àlàfo kékeké láàrin nẹ́tiwọọkì tí ó ní agbára púpọ̀. Ìwọ̀n àwọn títbobi ìṣùpọ̀ yí wà láàrin ìwọ̀n nànómétà 5 àti 10. '

Fún àwọn oní ìmọ̀ kemistri ohun èlò fún jipólímà ^[12]

'... Àdàpọ̀ amáa fa SiO₄ àti AlO₄, àwọn ìṣèlọ́pọ̀ tí ó sopọ̀ ní igun mẹ́rin nípasẹ̀ oxygen pínpín bí poly(sialates) tàbí poly(sialate-siloxo) tàbí poly(sialate – disiloxo) dá lórí ìpín SiO₂ / Al₂O₃. Ìsopọ̀ àwọn onígun mẹ́rin yí wáyé nítorí àmún papọ̀ covalent. Nítorí náà, a le pe ètò àpapọ̀ jiopólímà bíi ‘amorphous’ tónípọn tí ó jọ ohun tó le bíi crystal tó ní àkójọ 3-D alumino-silicate nínú.’

Fún àwọn onímọ̀-jìnlẹ̀ akalaini-simenti ^[13]

'... Jiopólímá jẹ́ àwọn ẹ̀yà ìlànà tí a ṣejáde nípasẹ̀ sísopọ̀ ohun èlò aluminosilicate onígun mẹ́rin, pẹ̀lu àwọn áyọ́ní (ions) irin ákálí (alkali) ó ní ǹkan ṣe pẹ̀lú Al onígun mẹ́rin. Ní àjọṣepọ̀, a ṣe adapopọ lati apopọ apákan méjì, tí ó jẹ́ ìpìlẹ̀ ákáláìnì kan (nígbàgbogbo ìyọkúrò silicate) àti àwọn ohun elò aluminosilicate tí ó lágbára. Geopolymerization le ṣẹlẹ̀ ní ìbáramu tàbí ìwọ̀n otútù tí ó ní agbára díẹ̀, níbitì ikowe ti awọn ohun èlò àìse aluminosilicate aise nínú àwọn solusan ìpìlẹ̀ jẹ́ yorí si gbígbẹ́ ti àwọn ẹ̀yà tí a ti fiwewe láti àwọn ààye tí o nípòn sínú ipò jẹ́lì ti o ndagba, àtẹ̀lé nípa nucleation ati condensation ti ipele jẹ́lì láti fẹ́lẹ́fẹ́lẹ́ kan ti o nipọn alágídí. '

Fún ẹ̀dà ojú ewé yíí ní èdè Gẹ̀ẹ́sì (English), ẹ kàn sí orí ìlà yí: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolymer

Àwọn ìtọ́kasí

↑ Kozhukova, N.I.; Chizhov, R.V.; Zhervovsky, I.V.; Strokova, V.V. (2016). Structure Formation of Geopolymer Perlite Binder Vs. Type of Alkali Activating Agent, International Journal of Pharmacy & Technology, vol. 8, iss. no. 3, pp. 15,339.
↑ An article published by the Commission of the European Communities in 1982, outlines the reasons why the generic term geopolymer was chosen for this new chemistry. See: J. Davidovits, The Need to Create a New Technical Language For the Transfer of Basic Scientific Information, in Transfer and Exploitation of Scientific and Technical Information, Proceedings of the symposium, Luxemburg, 10–12 June 1981, pp. 316-320. It is available as a pdf-file and may be downloaded from the European Parliament Bookshop. Go to < https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/02a1db8b-3873-46d7-9e72-a6e02660e154 > and click on 'download'.
↑ Kim, D.; Lai, H.T.; Chilingar, G.V.; Yen T.F. (2006), Geopolymer formation and its unique properties, Environ. Geol, 51[1], 103–111.
↑ https://www.geopolymer.org/science/introduction/
↑ Pdf-file #20 Milestone paper IUPAC 76 at https://www.geopolymer.org/category/library/technical-papers
↑ Zoulgami, M; Lucas-Girot, A.; Michaud, V.; Briard, P.; Gaudé, J. and Oudadesse, H. (2002); Synthesis and physico-chemical characterization of a polysialate-hydroxyapatite composite for potential biomedical application, Eur. Phys. J. AP, 19, 173-179. See also: Kriven, W.M.; Bell, J.; Gordon, M. (2003), Microstructure and Microchemistry of Fully-Reacted Geopolymers and Geopolymer Matrix Composites, Ceramic Transactions, 153, 227–250; Perera, D.S. and Trautman R.L. (2005), Geopolymers with the Potential for Use as Refractory Castables, Advances in Technology of Materials and Materials Processing, 7[2], 187–190.
↑ Wagh, A.S. (2004), Chemically Bonded Phosphate Ceramics – A Novel Class of Geopolymers, Proceedings of the 106th Ann. Mtg. of the American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis. See also, Chapter 13, Phosphate-based Geopolymers, in J. Davidovits' book Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications.
↑ Perera, D.S., Hanna, J.V., Davis, J., Blackford, M.G., Latella, B.A., Sasaki, Y. and Vance E.R. (2008), Relative strengths of phosphoric acid-reacted and alkali-reacted metakaolin materials, J. Mater. Sci., 43, 6562–6566. See also, Cao, D.; Su, D.; Lu, B. and Yang Y. (2005), Synthesis and structure characterization of geopolymeric material based on metakaolinite and phosphoric acid, Journal Chinese Ceramic Society, 33, 1385–89.
↑ Gluchovskij V.D.:"Gruntosilikaty" Gosstrojizdat Kiev 1959, Patent USSR 245 627 (1967), Patent USSR449894 (Patent appl. 1958, granted 1974).
↑ See, Discussion at the Geopolymer Camp 2012, video Geopolymer definition in Wikipedia athttps://archive.is/20130415060815/http://www.geopolymer.org/camp/gp-camp-2012
↑ Huang, Yi and Han, Minfang (2011) (China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing), The influence of α-Al₂O₃ addition on microstructure, mechanical and formaldehyde adsorption properties of fly ash-based geopolymer products, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 193, 90–94
↑ Pimraksaa, K.; Chindaprasirt, P.; Rungchet, A.; Sagoe-Crentsil, K. and Sato, T. (2011) (Department of Industrial Chemistry, Chiang Mai University, Thailand; CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia; Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan), Lightweight geopolymer made of highly porous siliceous materials with various Na₂O/Al₂O₃ and SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios, Materials Science and Engineering A, 528, 6616–6623.
↑ Feng, Dingwu; Provis, John L. and van Deventer, Jannie S. J. (2012) (University of Melbourne, Australia), Thermal Activation of Albite for the Synthesis of One-Part Mix Geopolymers, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 95 [2] 565–572.

[1] Kozhukova, N.I.; Chizhov, R.V.; Zhervovsky, I.V.; Strokova, V.V. (2016). Structure Formation of Geopolymer Perlite Binder Vs. Type of Alkali Activating Agent, International Journal of Pharmacy & Technology, vol. 8, iss. no. 3, pp. 15,339.

[2] An article published by the Commission of the European Communities in 1982, outlines the reasons why the generic term geopolymer was chosen for this new chemistry. See: J. Davidovits, The Need to Create a New Technical Language For the Transfer of Basic Scientific Information, in Transfer and Exploitation of Scientific and Technical Information, Proceedings of the symposium, Luxemburg, 10–12 June 1981, pp. 316-320. It is available as a pdf-file and may be downloaded from the European Parliament Bookshop. Go to < https://publications.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/02a1db8b-3873-46d7-9e72-a6e02660e154 > and click on 'download'.

[3] Kim, D.; Lai, H.T.; Chilingar, G.V.; Yen T.F. (2006), Geopolymer formation and its unique properties, Environ. Geol, 51[1], 103–111.

[4] ttps://www.geopolymer.org/science/introduction/

[5] Pdf-file #20 Milestone paper IUPAC 76 at https://www.geopolymer.org/category/library/technical-papers

[6] Zoulgami, M; Lucas-Girot, A.; Michaud, V.; Briard, P.; Gaudé, J. and Oudadesse, H. (2002); Synthesis and physico-chemical characterization of a polysialate-hydroxyapatite composite for potential biomedical application, Eur. Phys. J. AP, 19, 173-179. See also: Kriven, W.M.; Bell, J.; Gordon, M. (2003), Microstructure and Microchemistry of Fully-Reacted Geopolymers and Geopolymer Matrix Composites, Ceramic Transactions, 153, 227–250; Perera, D.S. and Trautman R.L. (2005), Geopolymers with the Potential for Use as Refractory Castables, Advances in Technology of Materials and Materials Processing, 7[2], 187–190.

[7] Wagh, A.S. (2004), Chemically Bonded Phosphate Ceramics – A Novel Class of Geopolymers, Proceedings of the 106th Ann. Mtg. of the American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis. See also, Chapter 13, Phosphate-based Geopolymers, in J. Davidovits' book Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications.

[8] Perera, D.S., Hanna, J.V., Davis, J., Blackford, M.G., Latella, B.A., Sasaki, Y. and Vance E.R. (2008), Relative strengths of phosphoric acid-reacted and alkali-reacted metakaolin materials, J. Mater. Sci., 43, 6562–6566. See also, Cao, D.; Su, D.; Lu, B. and Yang Y. (2005), Synthesis and structure characterization of geopolymeric material based on metakaolinite and phosphoric acid, Journal Chinese Ceramic Society, 33, 1385–89.

[9] Gluchovskij V.D.:"Gruntosilikaty" Gosstrojizdat Kiev 1959, Patent USSR 245 627 (1967), Patent USSR449894 (Patent appl. 1958, granted 1974).

[10] See, Discussion at the Geopolymer Camp 2012, video Geopolymer definition in Wikipedia athttps://archive.is/20130415060815/http://www.geopolymer.org/camp/gp-camp-2012

[11] Huang, Yi and Han, Minfang (2011) (China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing), The influence of α-Al₂O₃ addition on microstructure, mechanical and formaldehyde adsorption properties of fly ash-based geopolymer products, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 193, 90–94

[12] Pimraksaa, K.; Chindaprasirt, P.; Rungchet, A.; Sagoe-Crentsil, K. and Sato, T. (2011) (Department of Industrial Chemistry, Chiang Mai University, Thailand; CSIRO, Melbourne, Australia; Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan), Lightweight geopolymer made of highly porous siliceous materials with various Na₂O/Al₂O₃ and SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratios, Materials Science and Engineering A, 528, 6616–6623.

[13] Feng, Dingwu; Provis, John L. and van Deventer, Jannie S. J. (2012) (University of Melbourne, Australia), Thermal Activation of Albite for the Synthesis of One-Part Mix Geopolymers, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 95 [2] 565–572.

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