Iwaju apa

Iwa iwaju ni agbegbe ti ẹsẹ oke laarin igbonwo ati ọwọ-ọwọ . ^[1] Oro ti forearm ti wa ni lo ninu anatomi lati se iyato ti o lati apa, a ọrọ eyi ti o ti lo lati se apejuwe gbogbo awọn appendage ti awọn oke ọwọ, sugbon eyi ti ni anatomi, tekinikali, tumo si nikan ni ekun ti awọn apa oke, ko da isalẹ "apa". " ni a npe ni iwaju apa. O jẹ isokan si agbegbe ẹsẹ ti o wa laarin orokun ati awọn isẹpo kokosẹ, crus .

Iwa iwaju ni awọn egungun gigun meji, radius ati ulna, ti o n ṣe awọn isẹpo radioulnar meji. Membrane interosseous so awọn egungun wọnyi pọ. Nikẹhin, iwaju ti wa ni bo nipasẹ awọ-ara, oju iwaju nigbagbogbo jẹ irun ti o kere ju ti ẹhin lọ.

Iwaju iwaju ni ọpọlọpọ awọn iṣan, pẹlu awọn fifẹ ati awọn atẹgun ti ọrun-ọwọ, flexors and extensors of the nomba, a flexor of the elbow ( brachioradialis ), ati awọn pronators ati supinators ti o tan ọwọ si isalẹ tabi si oke, lẹsẹsẹ. Ni apakan-agbelebu, iwaju le pin si awọn apakan fascial meji. Iyẹwu ti o wa ni ẹhin ni awọn atẹgun ti awọn ọwọ, eyiti a pese nipasẹ nafu ara radial . Iyara iwaju ni awọn iyipada ati pe o wa ni akọkọ nipasẹ iṣan agbedemeji . Awọn iṣan flexor jẹ diẹ ti o pọju ju awọn extensors nitori pe wọn ṣiṣẹ lodi si agbara ati sise bi awọn iṣan egboogi-walẹ. Nafu ara ulnar tun nṣiṣẹ gigun ti iwaju apa.

Awọn iṣan radial ati ulnar ati awọn ẹka wọn pese ẹjẹ si iwaju apa. Awọn wọnyi nigbagbogbo nṣiṣẹ lori iwaju iwaju ti rediosi ati ulna si isalẹ gbogbo forearm. Awọn iṣọn ita gbangba akọkọ ti apa iwaju jẹ cefalic, agbedemeji antebrachial ati iṣọn ipilẹ . Awọn iṣọn wọnyi le ṣee lo fun cannularisation tabi venipuncture, botilẹjẹpe fossa cubital jẹ aaye ayanfẹ fun gbigba ẹjẹ.

Ilana

Egungun ati isẹpo

Awọn egungun iwaju apa jẹ rediosi (ti o wa ni ẹgbẹ ita) ati ulna (ti o wa ni ẹgbẹ aarin)

Awọn egungun iwaju, radius ni apa osi ati ulna ni apa ọtun

rediosi

Ni isunmọtosi, ori rediosi n ṣalaye pẹlu capitulum ti humerus ati ogbontarigi radial ti ulna ni igbonwo . Isọsọ laarin rediosi ati ulna ni igbonwo ni a mọ si isunmọ radioulnar isunmọ .

Latọna, o tun sọ pẹlu ulna lẹẹkansi ni isẹpo radioulnar jijin . O jẹ apakan ti isẹpo ọwọ nipasẹ sisọ pẹlu scaphoid ni abala ita rẹ ati pẹlu lunate ni abala aarin rẹ.

Ulna

Ni isunmọtosi, ogbontarigi trochlear ti ulna n ṣalaye pẹlu trochlea ti humerus ati ogbontarigi radial n ṣalaye pẹlu ori rediosi ni igbonwo .

Latọna o jẹ apakan ti isẹpo radioulnar jijin ati tun sọ pẹlu ọwọ-ọwọ . ^[2]

Awọn iṣan

Compartment	Level	Muscle	E/I	Nerve
Anterior	superficial	flexor carpi radialis	E	median
Anterior	superficial	palmaris longus	E	median
Anterior	superficial	flexor carpi ulnaris	E	ulnar
Anterior	superficial	pronator teres	I	median
Anterior	superficial (or intermediate)	flexor digitorum superficialis (sublimis)	E	median
Anterior	deep	flexor digitorum profundus	E	ulnar + median
Anterior	deep	flexor pollicis longus	E	median
Anterior	deep	pronator quadratus	I	median
Posterior	(see below)	brachioradialis	I	radial
Posterior	superficial	extensor carpi radialis longus	E	radial
Posterior	superficial	extensor carpi radialis brevis	E	radial
Posterior	intermediate	extensor digitorum (communis)	E	radial
Posterior	intermediate	extensor digiti minimi (proprius)	E	radial
Posterior	superficial	extensor carpi ulnaris	E	radial
Posterior	deep	abductor pollicis longus	E	radial
Posterior	deep	extensor pollicis brevis	E	radial
Posterior	deep	extensor pollicis longus	E	radial
Posterior	deep	extensor indicis (proprius)	E	radial
Posterior	deep	supinator	I	radial
Posterior	deep	anconeus	I	radial

"E/I" ntokasi si "extrinsic" tabi "agidi". Awọn iṣan inu ti iwaju apa n ṣiṣẹ lori iwaju, itumo, kọja isẹpo igbonwo ati isunmọ ati awọn isẹpo radioulnar isunmọ (eyiti o fa pronation tabi supination ), lakoko ti awọn iṣan ita n ṣiṣẹ lori ọwọ ati ọwọ. Ni ọpọlọpọ awọn igba miiran, awọn iṣan iwaju ti ita jẹ awọn irọra, lakoko ti awọn iṣan ti o wa ni ita jẹ awọn extensors .
Brachioradialis, flexor of the forearm, jẹ dani ni pe o wa ni ẹhin ẹhin, ṣugbọn o wa ni apa iwaju iwaju ti iwaju.
Awọn kan ka anconeus gẹgẹ bi apakan ti apa iwaju ti apa . ^[3]

Awọn iṣan

Wo awọn nkan nafu lọtọ fun awọn alaye lori awọn ipin isunmọ si igbonwo ati jijin si ọrun-ọwọ; wo Brachial plexus fun awọn ipilẹṣẹ ti agbedemeji, radial ati awọn ara ulnar.

Nafu ara agbedemeji - nafu inu ilohunsoke ti iyẹwu iwaju ( PT, FCR, PL, FDS ).
- aifọkanbalẹ interosseous iwaju (awọn ipese FPL, lat. 1/2 ti FDP, PQ ).
Nafu radial - ipese awọn iṣan ti ẹhin ẹhin ( ECRL, ECRB ).
- Egbò eka ti radial nafu
- Ẹka ti o jinlẹ ti nafu ara radial, di aifọkanbalẹ interosseus Posterior ati ipese awọn iṣan ti igbẹhin ( ED, EDM, ECU, APL, EPB, EPL, EI ).
Nafu ara Ulnar - pese diẹ ninu awọn iṣan aarin ( FCU, med. 1/2 of FDP ).

Awọn ọkọ oju omi

Awọn iṣọn ti iwaju ati ọwọ

Ẹjẹ Brachial
- Ẹjẹ radial
  - Radial ti nwaye iṣọn-ẹjẹ
  - iṣan metacarpal dorsal
    - Princeps pollicis iṣọn
- Ulnar iṣọn-ẹjẹ
  - Iwa-alọ ti o nwaye loorekoore iwaju ulnar ati ẹhin ulnar ti nwaye loorekoore
  - Wọpọ interosseous iṣọn
    - Igbẹhin interosseous iṣọn
    - Iwaju interosseous iṣọn

Awọn ẹya miiran

Interosseous awo ti forearm
Okun annular ti ulna

Išẹ

Iwa iwaju le wa ni isunmọ si apa oke ( rọ ) ati mu kuro ni apa oke ( ti o gbooro ) nitori gbigbe ni igbonwo . A tun le yi apa iwaju pada ki ọpẹ ti ọwọ yi pada si inu ( pronated ) ki o si yi pada ki ọpẹ naa yi lọ si ita ( ti o gbe ) nitori gbigbe ni igbonwo ati isẹpo radioulnar jijin . ^[2]

isẹgun lami

Egugun Midshaft ti rediosi ati ulna

Egungun iwaju apa ni a le pin si boya o kan ulna nikan ( dida egungun ulnar ), radius nikan ( radius fracture ), tabi mejeeji egungun radioulnar.

Fun itọju awọn ọmọde ti o ni awọn fifọ torus ti igbẹ iwaju apa han lati ṣiṣẹ daradara ju simẹnti lọ. ^[4] Awọn rudurudu ti a pinnu ni ipilẹṣẹ bi arosọ ọpọ exostoses le ja si ọwọ ati awọn abawọn iwaju apa. Ajogunba ọpọ exostoses jẹ nitori idamu idagbasoke ti awọn epiphyses ti radius ati ulna, awọn egungun meji ti iwaju apa. ^[5]

Awọn aworan afikun

Wo eleyi na

Awọn iyipada iwaju apa

== Awọn itọkasi ==

↑ WebMD (2009). "forearm". Webster's New World Medical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-544-18897-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=t8UfI3BH78wC&pg=PA166.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Standring, Susan (2016). Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice (Forty-first ed.). [Philadelphia]. ISBN 9780702052309. OCLC 920806541. Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Empty citation (help)
↑ "Management of Pediatric Forearm Torus Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Pediatric Emergency Care 32 (11): 773–778. November 2016. doi:10.1097/pec.0000000000000579. PMID 26555307.
↑ "Current paediatric orthopaedic practice in hereditary multiple osteochondromas of the forearm: a systematic review". SICOT-J 4: 10. 2018. doi:10.1051/sicotj/2018002. PMID 29565244.

Àdàkọ:Human regional anatomy

Àdàkọ:Authority control

[:1-1] WebMD (2009). "forearm". Webster's New World Medical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 166. ISBN 978-0-544-18897-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=t8UfI3BH78wC&pg=PA166.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Standring, Susan (2016). Gray's anatomy : the anatomical basis of clinical practice (Forty-first ed.). [Philadelphia]. ISBN 9780702052309. OCLC 920806541. Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content

[titleDissector_Answers_—_Axilla_&_Arm-3] Empty citation (help)

[4] "Management of Pediatric Forearm Torus Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Pediatric Emergency Care 32 (11): 773–778. November 2016. doi:10.1097/pec.0000000000000579. PMID 26555307.

[5] "Current paediatric orthopaedic practice in hereditary multiple osteochondromas of the forearm: a systematic review". SICOT-J 4: 10. 2018. doi:10.1051/sicotj/2018002. PMID 29565244.

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