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Àtòjọ àwọn ààrẹ orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà

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(Àtúnjúwe láti Àkójọ àwọn Ààrẹ orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà)

Ààrẹ orílẹ̀ èdè Amẹ́ríkà ní olórí ìṣèjọba àti àti olórí orílẹ̀ èdè náà tí wọ́n dìbò yàn láti darí wọn fún ọdún mẹ́rin gbáko. Láti ọdún 1789 tí wọ́n ti ṣẹ̀dá àyè ìṣèjọba yìí, ènìyàn mẹ́rìnlélógójì (44) ló ti jẹ Ààrẹ lórílẹ̀ èdè Amẹ́ríkà. Ààrẹ-àná, George Washington ni Ààrẹ àkọ́kọ́ tí ó jé lórílẹ̀ èdè Amẹ́ríkà. Ààrẹ Donald Trump ni ó wà lórí àléfà lọ́wọ́́lọ́wọ́.

Àtòjọ Àwọn Ààrẹ Orílẹ̀-èdè Amẹ́ríkà

àtúnṣe
Parties

      Independent       Federalist       Democratic-Republican       Democratic       Whig       Republican

Presidency[n 1] President Took office Left office Party Vice President Term
1   George Washington
[1][2][3][4] 		April 30, 1789 March 4, 1797 Independent John Adams 1
2
2   John Adams
[5][6][7][8] 		March 4, 1797 March 4, 1801 Federalist Thomas Jefferson 3
3   Thomas Jefferson
[9][10][11][12] 		March 4, 1801 March 4, 1809 Democratic-Republican Aaron Burr 4
George Clinton 5
4   James Madison
[13][14][15][16] 		March 4, 1809 March 4, 1817 Democratic-Republican George Clinton[n 2]
March 4, 1809 – April 20, 1812 		6
vacant[n 3]
April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813
Elbridge Gerry[n 2]
March 4, 1813 – November 23, 1814 		7
vacant [n 3]
November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817
5   James Monroe
[17][18][19][20] 		March 4, 1817 March 4, 1825 Democratic-Republican Daniel D. Tompkins 8
9
6   John Quincy Adams
[21][22][23][24] 		March 4, 1825 March 4, 1829 Democratic-Republican
National Republican 		John C. Calhoun 10
7   Andrew Jackson
[25][26][27][28] 		March 4, 1829 March 4, 1837 Democratic John C. Calhoun [n 4]
March 4, 1829 – December 28, 1832 		11
vacant[n 3]
December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833
Martin Van Buren 12
8   Martin Van Buren
[29][30][31][32] 		March 4, 1837 March 4, 1841 Democratic Richard Mentor Johnson 13
9   William Henry Harrison
[33][34][35][36] 		March 4, 1841 April 4, 1841[n 2] Whig John Tyler 14
10[n 5]   John Tyler
[37][38][39][40] 		rowspan=2 Àdàkọ:Party shading/Whig| April 4, 1841 March 4, 1845 Àdàkọ:Party shading/Whig| Whig
April 4, 1841 – September 13, 1841 		vacant [n 3]
Independent[n 6]
September 13, 1841 – March 4, 1845
11   James K. Polk
[41][42][43][44] 		March 4, 1845 March 4, 1849 Democratic George M. Dallas 15
12   Zachary Taylor
[45][46][47][48] 		March 4, 1849 July 9, 1850[n 2] Whig Millard Fillmore 16
13   Millard Fillmore
[49][50][51][52] 		July 9, 1850 March 4, 1853 Whig vacant [n 3]
14   Franklin Pierce
[53][54][55][56] 		March 4, 1853 March 4, 1857 Democratic William R. King[n 2]
March 4, 1853 – April 18, 1853 		17
vacant [n 3]
April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857
15   James Buchanan
[57][58][59][60] 		March 4, 1857 March 4, 1861 Democratic John C. Breckinridge 18
16   Abraham Lincoln
[61][62][63][64] 		March 4, 1861 April 15, 1865[n 7] Republican
National Union[n 8] 		Hannibal Hamlin 19
Andrew Johnson 20
17   Andrew Johnson
[65][66][67][68] 		April 15, 1865 March 4, 1869 Democratic
National Union[n 8] 		vacant [n 3]
National Union[n 8]
Independent[n 9]
18   Ulysses S. Grant
[69][70][71][72] 		March 4, 1869 March 4, 1877 Republican Schuyler Colfax 21
Henry Wilson[n 2]
March 4, 1873 – November 22, 1875 		22
vacant [n 3]
November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877
19   Rutherford B. Hayes
[73][74][75][76] 		March 4, 1877 March 4, 1881 Republican William A. Wheeler 23
20   James A. Garfield
[77][78][79][80] 		March 4, 1881 September 19, 1881[n 7] Republican Chester A. Arthur 24
21   Chester A. Arthur
[81][82][83][84] 		September 19, 1881 March 4, 1885 Republican vacant [n 3]
22   Grover Cleveland
[85][86][87][88] 		March 4, 1885 March 4, 1889 Democratic Thomas A. Hendricks[n 2]
March 4, 1885 – November 25, 1885 		25
vacant [n 3]
November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889
23   Benjamin Harrison
[89][90][91][92] 		March 4, 1889 March 4, 1893 Republican Levi P. Morton 26
24   Grover Cleveland
(second term)
[85][86][87][88] 		March 4, 1893 March 4, 1897 Democratic Adlai E. Stevenson I 27
25   William McKinley
[93][94][95][96] 		March 4, 1897 September 14, 1901[n 7] Republican Garret Hobart[n 2]
March 4, 1897 – November 21, 1899 		28
vacant [n 3]
November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901
Theodore Roosevelt 29
26   Theodore Roosevelt
[97][98][99][100] 		September 14, 1901 March 4, 1909 Republican vacant [n 3]
Charles W. Fairbanks 30
27   William Howard Taft
[101][102][103][104] 		March 4, 1909 March 4, 1913 Republican James S. Sherman[n 2]
March 4, 1909 – October 30, 1912 		31
vacant [n 3]
October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913
28   Woodrow Wilson
[105][106][107][108] 		March 4, 1913 March 4, 1921 Democratic Thomas R. Marshall 32
33
29   Warren Harding
[109][110][111][112] 		March 4, 1921 August 2, 1923[n 2] Republican Calvin Coolidge 34
30   Calvin Coolidge
[113][114][115][116] 		August 2, 1923 March 4, 1929 Republican vacant [n 3]
Charles G. Dawes 35
31   Herbert Hoover
[117][118][119][120] 		March 4, 1929 March 4, 1933 Republican Charles Curtis 36
32 100px Franklin D. Roosevelt
[121][122][123][124] 		March 4, 1933 April 12, 1945[n 2] Democratic John Nance Garner 37[n 10]
38
Henry A. Wallace 39
Harry S. Truman 40
33   Harry S. Truman
[125][126][127][128] 		April 12, 1945 January 20, 1953 Democratic vacant [n 3]
Alben W. Barkley 41
34   Dwight D. Eisenhower
[129][130][131][132] 		January 20, 1953 January 20, 1961 Republican Richard Nixon 42
43
35   John F. Kennedy
[133][134][135][136] 		January 20, 1961 November 22, 1963[n 7] Democratic Lyndon B. Johnson 44
36   Lyndon B. Johnson
[137][138][139][140] 		November 22, 1963 January 20, 1969 Democratic vacant [n 3]
Hubert Humphrey 45
37   Richard Nixon
[141][142][143][144] 		January 20, 1969 August 9, 1974[n 4] Republican Spiro Agnew[n 4]
January 20, 1969 – October 10, 1973 		46
47
vacant [n 3]
October 10, 1973 – December 6, 1973
Gerald Ford
December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974
38   Gerald Ford
[145][146][147][148] 		August 9, 1974 January 20, 1977 Republican vacant [n 3]
August 9, 1974 – December 19, 1974
Nelson Rockefeller
December 19, 1974 – January 20, 1977
39 Fáìlì:James E. Carter - portrait.gif Jimmy Carter
[149][150][151][152] 		January 20, 1977 January 20, 1981 Democratic Walter Mondale 48
40   Ronald Reagan
[153][154][155][156] 		January 20, 1981 January 20, 1989 Republican George H. W. Bush 49
50
41 Fáìlì:George H. W. Bush - portrait by Herbert Abrams (1994).jpg George H. W. Bush
[157][158][159][160] 		January 20, 1989 January 20, 1993 Republican Dan Quayle 51
42 Fáìlì:Clinton.jpg Bill Clinton
[161][162][163][164] 		January 20, 1993 January 20, 2001 Democratic Al Gore 52
53
43   George W. Bush
[165][166][167][168] 		January 20, 2001 January 20, 2009 Republican Dick Cheney 54
55
44   Barack Obama
[169][170][171][172] 		January 20, 2009 Incumbent   Democratic   Joe Biden 56
  Àyọkà yìí tàbí apá rẹ̀ únfẹ́ àtúnṣe sí.

Ẹ le fẹ̀ jù báyìí lọ tàbí kí ẹ ṣàtúnṣe rẹ̀ lọ́nà tí yíò mu kúnrẹ́rẹ́. Ẹ ran Wikipedia lọ́wọ́ láti fẹ̀ẹ́ jù báyìí lọ.


Akoye

àtúnṣe
  1. ↑ A presidency is defined as consecutive time in office served by a single person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president (not the first and second). Gerald Ford assumed the presidency after the resignation of Richard Nixon, serving out the remainder of what would have been Nixon's second term. The fact that Ford was not voted into office does not affect the numbering, which makes him the 38th president. In addition, under this numbering, Grover Cleveland is counted as having two separate presidencies, having served two non-consecutive terms.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 Died in office of natural causes.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1967, there was no provision for filling a vacancy in the Vice Presidency. Richard Nixon was the first president to fill such a vacancy under the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment when he appointed Gerald Ford. Ford later became the second president to fill a vice presidential vacancy when he appointed Nelson Rockefeller to succeed him.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Resigned.
  5. ↑ Being the first vice president to assume the presidency, Tyler set a precedent that a vice president who assumes the office of president becomes a fully functioning president who has his own presidency, as opposed to just a caretaker president. His political opponents attempted to refer to him as "Acting President", but he refused to allow that. The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution put Tyler's precedent into the Constitution.
  6. ↑ Former Democrat who ran for Vice President on Whig ticket. Clashed with Whig congressional leaders and was expelled from the Whig party in 1841.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Assassinated.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson were, respectively, a Republican and a Democrat who ran on the National Union ticket in 1864.
  9. ↑ Andrew Johnson did not identify with the two main parties while president and tried and failed to build a party of loyalists under the National Union label. His failure to build a true National Union Party made Johnson without a party.
  10. ↑ This term was shortened by 43 days due to the Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution going into effect, moving inauguration day from March 4 to January 20.

Itokasi

àtúnṣe
  1. ↑ The White House (March 12, 2007). "Biography of George Washington". Whitehouse.gov. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  2. ↑ "The First President: 1789–1797 George Washington "Father of his Country"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  3. ↑ "George Washington – Independent Party – 1st President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  4. ↑ "George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  5. ↑ "Biography of John Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  6. ↑ "The Second President: 1797–1801 John Adams "Following in the Footsteps"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  7. ↑ "John Adams – Federalist Party – 2nd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  8. ↑ "John Adams (October 30, 1735 – July 4, 1826)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  9. ↑ "Biography of Thomas Jefferson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  10. ↑ "The Third President: 1801–1809 Thomas Jefferson "The Renaissance Leader"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  11. ↑ "Thomas Jefferson – Democratic-Republican Party – 3rd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  12. ↑ "Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  13. ↑ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  14. ↑ "The Fourth President: 1809–1817 James Madison "The Nation Builder"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  15. ↑ "James Madison – Democratic-Republican Party – 4th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  16. ↑ "James Madison (March 16, 1751 – June 28, 1836)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  17. ↑ "Biography of James Madison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  18. ↑ "The Fifth President: 1817–1825 James Monroe "The Era of Good Feelings"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  19. ↑ "James Monroe – Democratic-Republican Party – 5th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  20. ↑ "James Monroe (April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  21. ↑ "Biography of John Quincy Adams". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  22. ↑ "The Sixth President: 1825–1829 John Quincy Adams "Born to Lead"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on March 15, 2011. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  23. ↑ "John Quincy Adams – Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, WHIG Party – 6th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  24. ↑ "John Quincy Adams (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  25. ↑ "Biography of Andrew Jackson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  26. ↑ "The Seventh President: 1829–1837 Andrew Jackson "Old Hickory"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  27. ↑ "Andrew Jackson – Democratic-Republican Party – 7th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  28. ↑ "Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 – June 8, 1845)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  29. ↑ "Biography of Martin Van Buren". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  30. ↑ "The Eighth President: 1837–1841 Martin Van Buren "The Red Fox"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  31. ↑ "Martin Van Buren – Democratic-Republican, Democratic, and Free Soil Party – 8th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  32. ↑ "Martin Van Buren (December 5, 1782 – July 24, 1862)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  33. ↑ "Biography of William Henry Harrison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  34. ↑ "The Ninth President: 1841–1841 William Henry Harrison "Old Tippecanoe"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  35. ↑ "William Henry Harrison – WHIG Party – 9th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  36. ↑ "William Henry Harrison (February 9, 1773 – April 4, 1841)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  37. ↑ "Biography of John Tyler". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  38. ↑ "The Tenth President: 1841–1845 John Tyler "His Accidency"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  39. ↑ "John Tyler – No Party – 10th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  40. ↑ "John Tyler (March 29, 1790 – January 18, 1862)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  41. ↑ "Biography of James Polk". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  42. ↑ "The Eleventh President: 1845–1849 James Knox Polk "The Dark Horse"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  43. ↑ "James Polk – Democratic Party – 11th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  44. ↑ "James K. Polk (November 2, 1795 – June 15, 1849)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  45. ↑ "Biography of Zachary Tyler". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  46. ↑ "The Twelfth President: 1849–1850 Zachary Taylor "Old Rough-and-Ready"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  47. ↑ "Zachary Taylor – WHIG Party – 12th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  48. ↑ "Zachary Taylor (November 24, 1784 – July 9, 1850)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  49. ↑ "Biography of Millard Fillmore". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  50. ↑ "The Thirteenth President: 1850–1853 Millard Fillmore "Forgotten Leader"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  51. ↑ "Millard Filmore – WHIG Party – 13th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  52. ↑ "Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 – March 8, 1874)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  53. ↑ "Biography of Franklin Pierce". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  54. ↑ "The Fourteenth President: 1853–1857 Franklin Pierce "Overwhelmed by Events"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  55. ↑ "Franklin Pierce – Democratic Party – 14th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  56. ↑ "Franklin Pierce (November 23, 1804 – October 8, 1869)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  57. ↑ "Biography of James Buchanan". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  58. ↑ "The Fifteenth President: 1857–1861 James Buchanan "An American Hero"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  59. ↑ "James Buchanan – Democratic Party – 15th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  60. ↑ "James Buchanan (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  61. ↑ "Biography of Abraham Lincoln". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  62. ↑ "The Sixteenth President: 1861–1865 Abraham Lincoln "The Great Emancipator"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  63. ↑ "Abraham Lincoln – Republic, National Union Party – 16th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  64. ↑ "Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  65. ↑ "Biography of Andrew Johnson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  66. ↑ "The Seventeenth President: 1865–1869 Andrew Johnson "Between North and South"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on July 10, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  67. ↑ "Andrew Johnson – National Union Party – 17th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  68. ↑ "Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  69. ↑ "Biography of Ulysses S. Grant". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  70. ↑ "The Eighteenth President: 1869–1877 Ulysses Simpson Grant "The Hero as Politician"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  71. ↑ "Ulysses S. Grant – National Union Party – 18th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  72. ↑ "Ulysses S. Grant (April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  73. ↑ "Biography of Rutherford B. Hayes". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  74. ↑ "The Nineteenth President: 1877–1881 Rutherford Birchard Hayes "Striving For A Fresh Start"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  75. ↑ "Rutherford B. Hayes – Republican Party – 19th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  76. ↑ "Rutherford B. Hayes (October 4, 1822 – January 17, 1893)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  77. ↑ "Biography of James Garfield". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  78. ↑ "The Twentieth President: 1881–1881 James Abram Garfield "The Preacher"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  79. ↑ "James Garfield – Republican Party – 20th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  80. ↑ "James A. Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  81. ↑ "Biography of Chester Arthur". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  82. ↑ "The Twenty-First President: 1881–1885 Chester Alan Arthur "The Self-Reformer"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  83. ↑ "Chester A. Arthur – Republican Party – 21st President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  84. ↑ "Chester A. Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 "Biography of Grover Cleveland". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 "The Twenty-Second President: 1885–1889 The Twenty-Fourth President: 1893–1897 Grover Cleveland "The Law Man"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 "Grover Cleveland – Democratic Party – 22nd and 24th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 "Grover Cleveland (March 18, 1837 – June 24, 1908)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  89. ↑ "Biography of Benjamin Harrison". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  90. ↑ "The Twenty-Third President: 1889–1893 Benjamin Harrison "Presidential Grandson"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  91. ↑ "William Henry Harrison – Whig Party – 23rd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  92. ↑ "Benjamin Harrison (August 20, 1833 – March 13, 1901)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  93. ↑ "Biography of William McKinley". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  94. ↑ "The Twenty-Fifth President: 1897–1901 William McKinley "Bridge to a New Century"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  95. ↑ "William McKinley – Republican Party – 25th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  96. ↑ "William McKinley (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  97. ↑ "Biography of Theodore Roosevelt". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  98. ↑ "The Twenty-Sixth President: 1901–1909 Theodore Roosevelt "The Giant in the Bully Pulpit"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  99. ↑ "Theodore Roosevelt – Republican, Bull Moose Party – 26th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  100. ↑ "Theodore Roosevelt (October 27, 1858 – January 6, 1919)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  101. ↑ "Biography of William Howard Taft". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  102. ↑ "The Twenty-Seventh President: 1909–1913 William Howard Taft "Reluctant Leader"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  103. ↑ "William Howard Taft – Republican Party – 27th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  104. ↑ "William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  105. ↑ "Biography of Woodrow Wilson". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  106. ↑ "The Twenty-Eighth President: 1913–1921 Woodrow Wilson "Prophet Without Honor"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  107. ↑ "Woodrow Wilson – Democratic Party – 28th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  108. ↑ "Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  109. ↑ "Biography of Warren G. Harding". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  110. ↑ "The Twenty-Ninth President: 1921–1923 Warren Gamaliel Harding "Prophet Without Honor"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  111. ↑ "Warren Harding – Republican Party – 29th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  112. ↑ "Warren G. Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  113. ↑ "Biography of Calvin Coolidge". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  114. ↑ "The Thirtieth President: 1923–1929 Calvin Coolidge "The New Englander"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  115. ↑ "Calvin Coolidge – Republican Party – 30th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  116. ↑ "Calvin Coolidge (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  117. ↑ "Biography of Herbert Hoover". Whitehouse.gov. March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  118. ↑ "The Thirty-First President: 1929–1933 Herbert Clark Hoover "The Great Engineer"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  119. ↑ "Herbert Hoover – Republican Party – 31st President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  120. ↑ "Herbert Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  121. ↑ "Biography of Franklin D. Roosevelt". Whitehouse.gov. March 20, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  122. ↑ "The Thirty-Second President: 1933–1945 Franklin Delano Roosevelt "New Dealer and Global Warrior"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  123. ↑ "Franklin D. Roosevelt – Democratic Party – 32nd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  124. ↑ "Franklin D. Roosevelt (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  125. ↑ "Biography of Harry S Truman". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  126. ↑ "The Thirty-Third President: 1945–1953 Harry S. Truman "The Buck Stopped Here"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  127. ↑ "Harry S. Truman – Democratic Party – 33rd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  128. ↑ "Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  129. ↑ "Biography of Dwight D. Eisenhower". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  130. ↑ "The Thirty-Fourth President: 1953–1961 Dwight David Eisenhower "I Like Ike"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  131. ↑ "Dwight D. Eisenhower – Democratic Party – 34th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  132. ↑ "Dwight D. Eisenhower (October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  133. ↑ "Biography of John F. Kennedy". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  134. ↑ "The Thirty-Five President: 1961–1963 John Fitzgerald Kennedy "Inspiring A Generation"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  135. ↑ "John F. Kennedy – Democratic Party – 35th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  136. ↑ "John F. Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  137. ↑ "Biography of Lyndon B. Johnson". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  138. ↑ "The Thirty-Sixth President: 1963–1969 Lyndon Baines Johnson "So Close To Greatness"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  139. ↑ "Lyndon B. Johnson – Democratic Party – 36th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  140. ↑ "Lyndon B. Johnson (August 27, 1908 – January 22, 1973)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  141. ↑ "Richard M. Nixon". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  142. ↑ "The Thirty-Seventh President: 1969–1974 Richard Milhous Nixon "The Road to Watergate"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  143. ↑ "Richard Nixon – Republican Party – 37th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  144. ↑ "Richard M. Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  145. ↑ "Biography of Gerald R. Ford". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  146. ↑ "The Thirty-Eighth President: 1974–1977 Gerald Rudolph Ford "A Time for Healing"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  147. ↑ "Gerald Ford – Republican Party – 38th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  148. ↑ "Gerald R. Ford (July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  149. ↑ "Biography of Jimmy Carter". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  150. ↑ "The Thirty-Ninth President: 1977–1981 James Earl Carter "Not a Politician"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  151. ↑ "Jimmy Carter – Democratic Party – 39th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  152. ↑ "Jimmy Carter (October 1, 1924 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  153. ↑ "Biography of Ronald Reagan". Whitehouse.gov. June 25, 2008. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  154. ↑ "The Fortieth President: 1981–1989 Ronald Wilson Reagan "The Great Communicator"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on July 10, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  155. ↑ "Ronald Reagan – Republican Party – 40th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  156. ↑ "Ronald Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004)". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  157. ↑ "Biography of George Herbert Walker Bush". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  158. ↑ "The Forty-First President: 1989–1993 George Herbert Walker Bush "The Last Cold Warrior"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  159. ↑ "George H. W. Bush – Republican Party – 41st President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  160. ↑ "George Bush (June 12, 1924 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  161. ↑ "Biography of William J. Clinton". Whitehouse.gov. March 12, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  162. ↑ "The Forty-Second President: 1993–2001 William Jefferson Clinton "Prosperity And Turmoil"". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  163. ↑ "Bill Clinton – Democratic Party – 42nd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  164. ↑ "Bill Clinton (August 19, 1946 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  165. ↑ "Biography of President George W. Bush". Whitehouse.gov. February 25, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  166. ↑ "The Forty-Third President: 2001–2009 George Walker Bush". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on December 12, 2010. Retrieved October 2, 2009. 
  167. ↑ "George W. Bush – Republican Party – 43rd President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  168. ↑ "George W. Bush (July 6, 1946 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
  169. ↑ "President Barack Obama". Whitehouse.gov. January 20, 2009. Archived from the original on February 12, 2009. Retrieved January 20, 2009.  Unknown parameter |dateformat= ignored (help)
  170. ↑ "The Forty-Fourth President: 2009–present Barack Hussein Obama II". American Heritage. Forbes. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2009. 
  171. ↑ "Barack Obama – Democratic Party – 44th President – American Presidents". History. Retrieved January 12 2009.  Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  172. ↑ "Barack Obama (August 4, 1961 – )". American Presidents: Life Portrait. C-SPAN. Retrieved January 12, 2009. 
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