Àdàkọ:Solar System Infobox/Sun
| |
| Observation data | |
|---|---|
| Mean distance from Earth |
1.496×108 km 8 min 19 s at light speed |
| Visual brightness (V) | −26.74 [1] |
| Absolute magnitude | 4.83 [1] |
| Spectral classification | G2V |
| Metallicity | Z = 0.0122[2] |
| Angular size | 31.6′ – 32.7′ [3] |
| Adjectives | solar |
| Orbital characteristics | |
| Mean distance from Milky Way core |
~2.5×1017 km 26,000 light-years |
| Galactic period | (2.25–2.50) × 108 a |
| Velocity | ~220 km/s (orbit around the center of the Galaxy) ~20 km/s (relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood) ~370 km/s[4] (relative to the cosmic microwave background) |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Mean diameter | 1.392×106 km [1] 109 × Earth |
| Equatorial radius | 6.955×105 km [5] 109 × Earth[5] |
| Equatorial circumference | 4.379×106 km [5] 109 × Earth[5] |
| Flattening | 9×10−6 |
| Surface area | 6.0877×1012 km2 [5] 11,990 × Earth[5] |
| Volume | 1.412×1018 km3 [5] 1,300,000 × Earth |
| Mass | 1.9891×1030 kg[1] 333,000 × Earth[1] |
| Average density | 1.408×103 kg/m3 [1][5][6] |
| Density | Center (model): 1.622×105 kg/m3 [1] Lower photosphere: 2×10−4 kg/m3 Lower chromosphere: 5×10−6 kg/m3 Corona (avg.): 1×10−12 kg/m3 [7] |
| Equatorial surface gravity | 274.0 m/s2 [1] 27.94 g 28 × Earth[5] |
| Escape velocity (from the surface) |
617.7 km/s [5] 55 × Earth[5] |
| Temperature | Center (modeled): ~1.57×107 K [1] Photosphere (effective): 5,778 K [1] Corona: ~5×106 K |
| Luminosity (Lsol) | 3.846×1026 W [1] ~3.75×1028 lm ~98 lm/W efficacy |
| Mean Intensity (Isol) | 2.009×107 W·m−2·sr−1 |
| Rotation characteristics | |
| Obliquity | 7.25° [1] (to the ecliptic) 67.23° (to the galactic plane) |
| Right ascension of North pole[8] |
286.13° 19h 4min 30s |
| Declination of North pole |
+63.87° 63°52' North |
| Sidereal rotation period (at equator) |
25.05 days [1] |
| (at 16° latitude) | 25.38 days [1] 25d 9h 7min 12s [8] |
| (at poles) | 34.4 days [1] |
| Rotation velocity (at equator) |
7.189×103 km/h [5] |
| Photospheric composition (by mass) | |
| Hydrogen | 73.46%[9] |
| Helium | 24.85% |
| Oxygen | 0.77% |
| Carbon | 0.29% |
| Iron | 0.16% |
| Neon | 0.12% |
| Nitrogen | 0.09% |
| Silicon | 0.07% |
| Magnesium | 0.05% |
| Sulfur | 0.04% |
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References
This reference list does not appear in the article.
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 Williams, D. R. (2004). "Sun Fact Sheet". NASA. Retrieved 2010-09-27.
- ↑ Asplund, M.; N. Grevesse and A. J. Sauval (2006). "The new solar abundances - Part I: the observations". Communications in Asteroseismology 147: 76–79. Bibcode 2006CoAst.147...76A. doi:10.1553/cia147s76.
- ↑ "Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions". NASA. Retrieved 2010-10-24.
- ↑ Hinshaw, G.; et al. (2009). "Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 118: 225–245. Bibcode 2009ApJS..180..225H. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225.
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 "Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures". NASA. Archived from the original on 2008-01-02.
- ↑ Ko, M. (1999). Elert, G., ed. "Density of the Sun". The Physics Factbook.
- ↑ "Principles of Spectroscopy". University of Michigan, Astronomy Department. 30 August 2007.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1
Seidelmann, P. K. (2000). "Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements Of The Planets And Satellites: 2000". Retrieved 2006-03-22. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ↑ "The Sun's Vital Statistics". Stanford Solar Center. Retrieved 2008-07-29., citing Eddy, J. (1979). A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab. NASA. p. 37. NASA SP-402. http://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/contents.htm.