Ayanmọ

AyanÌkọ kederemọ, nigbakan tun pe ayanmọ ( from Latin fatum 'aṣẹ, asọtẹlẹ, ayanmọ, ayanmọ' ), jẹ ilana ti a ti pinnu tẹlẹ ti awọn iṣẹlẹ. ^[1] ^[2] O le ṣe loyun gẹgẹbi ọjọ iwaju ti a ti pinnu tẹlẹ, boya ni gbogbogbo tabi ti ẹni kọọkan.

Ayanmọ

Ayanmọ, nipasẹ Alphonse Mucha

Bó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ọ̀pọ̀ ìgbà ni wọ́n máa ń lò ó ní pàṣípààrọ̀, àwọn ọ̀rọ̀ kádàrá àti kádàrá ní àwọn ìtumọ̀ tó yàtọ̀.

Ibile lilo asọye ayanmọ bi a agbara tabi ibẹwẹ ti o predetermines ati paṣẹ awọn dajudaju tabi ṣeto ti awọn iṣẹlẹ daadaa tabi odi nyo ẹnikan tabi ẹgbẹ kan, tabi ni ohun idiom, lati so fun ẹnikan ká Fortune, tabi nìkan awọn esi ti anfani ati awọn iṣẹlẹ. Ni ọlaju Hellenistic, rudurudu ati awọn iyipada aye ti a ko le sọ tẹlẹ fun olokiki ti o pọ si si oriṣa ti ko ṣe akiyesi tẹlẹ, Tyche (itumọ ọrọ “ Orire “), ti o ṣe afihan ire ti ilu kan ati gbogbo awọn igbesi aye rẹ da lori aabo ati aisiki rẹ, meji ti o dara. àwọn ànímọ́ ìgbésí ayé tí ó dà bí ẹni tí kò lè dé ọ̀dọ̀ ènìyàn. Aworan Romu ti Fortuna, pẹlu kẹkẹ ti o yipada ni afọju, ni idaduro nipasẹ awọn onkọwe Onigbagbọ pẹlu Boethius, sọji ni agbara ni Renaissance, o si ye ni diẹ ninu awọn fọọmu loni. ^[3]

Imoye

Imoye lori awọn ero ti ayanmọ ati ayanmọ ti wa lati akoko Hellenistic pẹlu awọn ẹgbẹ bii awọn Sitoiki ati awọn Epikurea .

Awọn Sitoiki gbagbọ pe awọn ipinnu eniyan ati awọn iṣe nikẹhin lọ ni ibamu si eto atọrunwa ti ọlọrun kan ṣe.^{[citation needed]}</link>Wọ́n sọ pé bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé ẹ̀dá ènìyàn ní òmìnira láti yan ohun tí wọ́n fẹ́ ^{] [ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2019)">wọn</span>} àti ipò tí wọ́n wà lábẹ́ rẹ̀ jẹ́ apá kan ìsokọ́ra àyànmọ́ àgbáyé.

Àwọn ará Epikúré gbéjà ko àwọn ìgbàgbọ́ Sítọ́ìkì nípa kíkọ́ wíwà àyànmọ́ àtọ̀runwá yìí. Wọn gbagbọ pe awọn iṣe eniyan jẹ atinuwa niwọn igba ti wọn jẹ ọgbọn. ^[4]

Ni lilo ti o wọpọ, ayanmọ ati ayanmọ jẹ bakannaa, ṣugbọn pẹlu iyi si imọ-jinlẹ ọrundun 19th, awọn ọrọ naa ni awọn itumọ ti o yatọ.

Fun Arthur Schopenhauer, ayanmọ jẹ o kan ifarahan ti Will to Live, eyi ti o le jẹ ni akoko kanna ti n gbe ayanmọ ati yiyan ti ayanmọ ti o bori, nipasẹ ọna ti Art, ti Iwa ati ti Ascesis .

Fun Friedrich Nietzsche, ayanmọ ntọju irisi Amor fati (Ifẹ ti Ayanmọ) nipasẹ ẹya pataki ti imoye Nietzsche, " ifẹ si agbara " (der Wille zur Macht ), ipilẹ ti ihuwasi eniyan, ti o ni ipa nipasẹ Ifẹ lati Gbe ti Schopenhauer. Ṣugbọn ero yii le ni awọn imọ-ara miiran paapaa, botilẹjẹpe o, ni awọn aye pupọ, rii ifẹ si agbara bi eroja ti o lagbara fun iyipada tabi iwalaaye ni ọna ti o dara julọ. ^[5] Nietzsche bajẹ yi ero ti ọrọ pada bi awọn ile-iṣẹ agbara sinu ọrọ bi awọn ile-iṣẹ ifẹ si agbara bi ayanmọ eniyan lati koju pẹlu amor fati . Awọn ikosile Amor fati ti lo leralera nipasẹ Nietzsche bi gbigba-iyan ti ayanmọ, sugbon ni iru ọna ti o di ani ohun miiran, gbọgán a "iyan" Kadara.

Ipinnu jẹ imọran imọ-jinlẹ nigbagbogbo dapo pelu ayanmọ. O le ṣe asọye bi imọran pe gbogbo awọn ero / awọn iṣe ni idi nipasẹ awọn ipari ti awọn ipo ti o wa tẹlẹ ti aṣoju; nìkan fi, ohun gbogbo ti o ṣẹlẹ ti wa ni ṣiṣe nipasẹ ohun ti o ti tẹlẹ sele. ^[6] Determinism yato si lati ayanmọ ni wipe o ti wa ni ko loyun bi jije a ẹmí, esin, tabi Astrological iro; ayanmọ ti wa ni ojo melo ro ti bi a "fi fun" tabi "paṣẹ" nigba ti determinism ti wa ni "fa". Awọn ọlọgbọn ti o ni ipa bi Robert Kane, Thomas Nagel, Roderick Chisholm, ati AJ Ayer ti kọ nipa ero yii.

Psychology

Lara awọn aṣoju ti ile-iwe ẹkọ imọ-jinlẹ jinlẹ, ipa ti o tobi julọ si iwadi ti imọran gẹgẹbi "ayanmọ" jẹ nipasẹ Carl Gustav Jung, Sigmund Freud ati Leopold Szondi .^{[citation needed]}</link>^{[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">Ti o nilo itọkasi</span> ]}

Esin

Ero ti ayanmọ, ayanmọ tabi idi jẹ olokiki ni ọpọlọpọ awọn ẹsin – ṣugbọn o yatọ si awọn fọọmu:

Awọn Sumerian atijọ sọ nipa ipinnu atọrunwa ti ayanmọ ẹni kọọkan ^[7]
Ninu ẹsin Babeli, ọlọrun Nabu, gẹgẹ bi ọlọrun kikọ, kọ awọn ayanmọ ^[8] ti a yàn si awọn eniyan nipasẹ awọn oriṣa pantheon ti Assiria-Babiloni ti o wa pẹlu Anunnaki ti yoo paṣẹ awọn ayanmọ ti ẹda eniyan ^[9]
Awọn ọmọlẹhin ti ẹsin Giriki Atijọ ko ka Moirai nikan ṣugbọn awọn oriṣa paapaa, paapaa Zeus, gẹgẹbi iduro fun ṣiṣe ipinnu ati ṣiṣe ayanmọ, lẹsẹsẹ.
Àwọn Kristẹni kan gbà gbọ́ pé gbogbo èèyàn ló lómìnira láti yan ohun tó wù wọ́n, nígbà táwọn míì sì gbà pé àyànmọ́ wà . ^[4]
Ninu Islam, ayanmọ tabi qadar jẹ aṣẹ ti Ọlọhun.
Laarin Buddhism, gbogbo awọn iṣẹlẹ (okan tabi bibẹẹkọ) ni a kọ bi igbẹkẹle ti o dide lati awọn iṣẹlẹ iṣaaju ni ibamu si ofin agbaye. – imọran ti a mọ si paṭiccasamuppāda . Ẹkọ pataki yii jẹ pinpin ni gbogbo awọn ile-iwe ti ero, ati taara sọfun awọn imọran pataki miiran gẹgẹbi aibikita ati ti kii ṣe ti ara ẹni (tun wọpọ si gbogbo awọn ile-iwe Buddhism).

Oselu

Awọn ikosile apejuwe ti ayanmọ ti a ti pinnu tẹlẹ jẹ lilo nigbagbogbo nipasẹ awọn oloselu lati ṣapejuwe awọn iṣẹlẹ ti a ko loye. Otto Von Bismarck sọ pe ohun ti o dara julọ ti oloselu le ṣe ni lati ‘fetisilẹ fun awọn igbesẹ Ọlọrun ki o si rọ mọ awọn iru ẹwu rẹ’. ^[10]

Ninu Ogun ati Alaafia, Leo Tolstoy kowe nipa 'igbesi aye swarm-aye ti eniyan', lakoko ti Shakespeare sọ nipa 'iṣan omi ninu awọn ọran ti awọn ọkunrin' ninu ere rẹ Julius Caesar .

Litireso

Ní Gíríìsì ìgbàanì, ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìtàn àròsọ àti ìtàn kọ́ni asán ti gbígbìyànjú láti ju àyànmọ́ tí kò lè yọrí sí tí a ti sọ tẹ́lẹ̀ lọ́nà tó tọ́. Aworan ayanmọ yii wa ninu awọn iṣẹ bii Oedipus Rex (427 BCE), ^[11] Iliad , Odyssey (800 BCE), ati Theogony . Ọpọlọpọ awọn iṣẹ Kannada atijọ ti tun ṣe afihan imọran ti ayanmọ, paapaa julọ Liezi , Mengzi , ati Zhuangzi . Bakanna, ati ni Ilu Italia, ere Duque de Rivas ti Ilu Sipeeni ti Verdi yipada si La Forza del Destino (“Agbofinro ti Destiny”) pẹlu awọn imọran ti ayanmọ.

Ni England, ayanmọ ti ṣe ipa olokiki olokiki ni Shakespeare's Macbeth (1606), Thomas Hardy's Tess ti d'Urbervilles (1891), Samuel Beckett's Endgame (1957), ati itan kukuru olokiki WW Jacobs " The Monkey's Paw " (1902) ). Ni Amẹrika, iwe Thornton Wilder The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1927) ṣe afihan ero inu ayanmọ.

Ni Jẹmánì, ayanmọ jẹ koko-ọrọ loorekoore ninu iwe ti Hermann Hesse (1877 – 1962), pẹlu Siddharta (1922) ati magnum opus rẹ, Das Glasperlenspiel, ti a tun tẹjade bi The Glass Bead Game (1943). Ati nipasẹ Hollywood nipasẹ iru awọn ohun kikọ bi Neo ni The Matrix . Akori ti o wọpọ ti awọn iṣẹ wọnyi jẹ akọrin ti ko le sa fun kadara wọn, bi o ti wu ki wọn gbiyanju. Ninu jara aramada ayaworan Neil Gaiman The Sandman, ayanmọ jẹ ọkan ninu Ailopin, ti a fihan bi afọju ti o gbe iwe kan ti o ni gbogbo awọn ti o ti kọja ati gbogbo ọjọ iwaju. "Ayanmọ ni akọbi ti Ailopin; ni ibẹrẹ ni Ọrọ wa, ati pe a fi ọwọ tọpa rẹ ni oju-iwe akọkọ ti iwe rẹ, ṣaaju ki o to sọ ọ ni gbangba." ^[12]

Wo eleyi na

Awọn itọkasi

Siwaju kika

Kees W. Bolle, Encyclopedia of Religion. Ed. Lindsay Jones. 2nd ed. Vol. 5. Detroit: Itọkasi Macmillan US, 2005. vol. 5, oju-iwe. 2998–3006.
Tim O'Keefe, " Awọn imọran atijọ ti Ominira ati ipinnu. " Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Michael J. Meade Fate ati Kadara: Awọn Adehun Meji ti Ọkàn, Greenfire Press, 2010,ISBN 978-0982939147
Robert C. Solomoni, "Lori Kadara ati Fatalism." Imoye East ati West 53.4 (2003): 435-454.
Cornelius, Geoffrey, C. (1994). “Akoko ti Afirawọ: Awọn ipilẹṣẹ ni Isọtẹlẹ”, Ẹgbẹ Penguin, apakan ti jara Astrology Contemporary Contemporary.

↑ Lisa Raphals (4 October 2003). Philosophy East and West (Volume 53 ed.). University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 537–574.
↑ Compare determinism, the philosophical proposition that every event, including human cognition and behavior, is causally determined by an unbroken chain of prior occurrences.
↑ "The Wheel of Fortune" remains an emblem of the chance element in fate(destiny).
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Karamanolis, George E. (2000). Vol. 1 of Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition. Chicago, Illinois: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 610–611. Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Beyond Good & Evil 13, Gay Science 349 & Genealogy of Morality II:12
↑ Nagel, Thomas (1987). "Chapter 6". What Does it all Mean?. New York: Oxford University Press.
↑ Augustine's Conversion from Traditional Free Choice to "Non-free Free Will": A Comprehensive Methodology, Tuebingen, Germany
↑ "Nabu". Nabu.
↑ A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology, New York City, New York
↑ Henry Kissinger, 'Otto Von Bismarck, master Statesman', New York Times, 31 March 2011
↑ Sophocles (1978). Oedipus the King. New York: Oxford UP.
↑ Gaiman, Neil. Season of mists. Jones, Kelley; Jones, Malcolm, III; Dringenberg, Mike; Wagner, Matt; Russell, P. Craig; Pratt, George (30th anniversary ed.). Burbank, CA. ISBN 978-1401285814. OCLC 1065971941.

[Raphals-1] Lisa Raphals (4 October 2003). Philosophy East and West (Volume 53 ed.). University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 537–574.

[2] Compare determinism, the philosophical proposition that every event, including human cognition and behavior, is causally determined by an unbroken chain of prior occurrences.

[3] "The Wheel of Fortune" remains an emblem of the chance element in fate(destiny).

[Encyclopedia_of_Greece_and_the_Hellenic_Tradition-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Karamanolis, George E. (2000). Vol. 1 of Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition. Chicago, Illinois: Fitzroy Dearborn. pp. 610–611. Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Encyclopedia of Greece and the Hellenic Tradition" defined multiple times with different content

[5] Beyond Good & Evil 13, Gay Science 349 & Genealogy of Morality II:12

[Nagel-6] Nagel, Thomas (1987). "Chapter 6". What Does it all Mean?. New York: Oxford University Press.

[7] Augustine's Conversion from Traditional Free Choice to "Non-free Free Will": A Comprehensive Methodology, Tuebingen, Germany

[8] "Nabu". Nabu.

[9] A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology, New York City, New York

[10] Henry Kissinger, 'Otto Von Bismarck, master Statesman', New York Times, 31 March 2011

[11] Sophocles (1978). Oedipus the King. New York: Oxford UP.

[12] Gaiman, Neil. Season of mists. Jones, Kelley; Jones, Malcolm, III; Dringenberg, Mike; Wagner, Matt; Russell, P. Craig; Pratt, George (30th anniversary ed.). Burbank, CA. ISBN 978-1401285814. OCLC 1065971941.

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