Cusco
Cusco, ti wọn má shi kọ nigba miran si Cuzco[lower-alpha 1] ([ˈkusko]; Àdàkọ:Lang-qu (Àdàkọ:IPA-qu)),jẹ ilu kan ni guusu ila-oorun Perú nitosi afonifoji Urubamba ti awọn oke Andes. O jẹ olu-ilu ti Ẹkun Cusco ati ti Agbegbe Cusco. Ilu naa jẹ inu keje ti o pọ julọ nipa olugbe ni Perú ati, ni ọdun 2017, ni iye eniyan 428,450. Igbega rẹ wa ni ayika 3,400 m (11,200 ft) Ilu naa jẹ olu-ilu ti Ijọba Inca lati ọrundun 13th titi di iṣẹgun Ilu Sipeni ni ọrundun 16th. Ni 1983, Cusco ni akade gẹgẹbi ìbí ikorita World Heritage Site lati ọwọ UNESCO pẹlu àkòrí "Ilu ti Cuzco". O ti di ibi pataki fún àwọn arinrin-ọjọ lati lọsí, ìlú na ngba àlejò milionu meIji ni ọdún kan . Ìwé òfin àti ìlànà ilẹ Perú ṣe ni olú ìlú tí o ni itan ni ilẹ Perú [2]
Cusco | |
|---|---|
| Cusco or Cuzco Qusqu (Quechua) | |
 Top: Plaza de Armas, Middle left: Sacsayhuamán, Middle right: Qurikancha, Bottom left: View of the colonial houses, Bottom right: Fountain in the Plaza de Armas, Bottom: Aerial view of Cusco | |
| Nickname(s): La Ciudad Imperial (The Imperial City), El Ombligo del Mundo (The Navel of the World) | |
 Districts of Cusco | |
  Cusco Location within Peru | |
| Coordinates: 13°31′30″S 71°58′20″W / 13.52500°S 71.97222°WCoordinates: 13°31′30″S 71°58′20″W / 13.52500°S 71.97222°W | |
| Country | Peru |
| Region | Cusco |
| Province | Cusco |
| Founded | 1100 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Víctor G. Boluarte Medina |
| Area | |
| • Total | 385.1 km2 (148.7 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 3,399 m (11,152 ft) |
| Population (2017) | |
| • Total | 428,450 |
| • Estimate (2015)[1] | 427,218 |
| • Density | 1,100/km2 (2,900/sq mi) |
| Demonym(s) | cuzqueño/a, cusqueño/a |
| Time zone | UTC-5 (PET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-5 |
| Area code(s) | 84 |
| Website | Àdàkọ:Official URL |
| Àdàkọ:Designation list | |
Spelling and etymology
àtúnṣeOrukọ ọmọ abinibi ilu yii ni Qusqu. Bí ó tilẹ̀ jẹ́ pé wọ́n lo orúkọ náà ní Gúúsù Quechua, èdè Aymaraa ni wọ́n ti ọrọ na ni ari lati oju ọrọ ti qusqu wanka ('Apata ti Owiwi '), o jọmọ ti itan ipinlẹ ti awọn arakurin Ayar. Gẹgẹbi bi Itan ajogunba, Ayar Awqa (Ayar Auca) ti gba awọn iyẹ ati fò si aaye ti ilu iwaju; nibẹ ni o ti yipada si apata lati samisi ilẹ na ti o sí diti awọn arọmọdọmọ rẹ [3]
Awọn ọmọ Ogun ilẹ spain ( Spanish conquistadors )gba orukọ ibilẹ, yipada sí Cuzco abi ni igba miran, Cozco. Cuzco jẹ eyi to wọn má nlọ ni bi to ṣe pataki ati iwe itan ni igba ayé ìjọba amunisin. Cuzco,[4] Cusco was also used. CuzcouechuaCuzcouechCuzcoueCuzcouecouechuaCuzco time.[5]
ordering the use ofew spelling, Cuscodministration have not followed suit.[6]
History
àtúnṣeKillke culture
àtúnṣeThe Killke people occupied the region from 900 to 1200 CE, prior to the arrival of the Inca in the 13th century. Carbon-14 dating of Saksaywaman, the walled complex outside Cusco, established that Killke constructed the fortress about 1100 CE. The Inca later expanded and occupied the complex in the 13th century. In March 2008, archeologists discovered the ruins of an ancient temple, roadway and aqueduct system at Saksaywaman.[14] The temple covers some 2,700 square feet (250 square meters) and contains 11 rooms thought to have held idols and mummies,[14] establishing its religious purpose. Together with the results of excavations in 2007, when another temple was found at the edge of the fortress, this indicates a longtime religious as well as military use of the facility.[15]
Inca history
àtúnṣe
Cusco was long an important center of indigenous people. It was the capital of the Inca Empire (13th century – 1532). Many believe that the city was planned as an effigy in the shape of a puma, a sacred animal.[16] How Cusco was specifically built, or how its large stones were quarried and transported to the site remain undetermined. Under the Inca, the city had two sectors: the urin and hanan. Each was divided to encompass two of the four provinces, Chinchasuyu (NW), Antisuyu (NE), Kuntisuyu (SW) and Qullasuyu (SE). A road led from each quarter to the corresponding quarter of the empire.
Each local leader was required to build a house in the city and live part of the year in Cusco, restricted to the quarter that corresponded to the quarter in which he held territory. After the rule of Pachacuti, when an Inca died, his title went to one son and his property was given to a corporation controlled by his other relatives (split inheritance). Each title holder had to build a new house and add new lands to the empire in order to own land for his family to keep after his death.
According to Inca legend, the city was rebuilt by Sapa Inca Pachacuti, the man who transformed the Kingdom of Cuzco from a sleepy city-state into the vast empire of Tawantinsuyu.[17]:66–69 Archeological evidence, however, points to a slower, more organic growth of the city beginning before Pachacuti. The city was constructed according to a definite plan in which two rivers were channeled around the city. Archeologists have suggested that this city plan was replicated at other sites.
The city fell to the sphere of Huáscar during the Inca Civil War after the death of Huayna Capac in 1528. It was captured by the generals of Atahualpa in April 1532 in the Battle of Quipaipan. Nineteen months later, Spanish explorers invaded the city after kidnapping and murdering Atahualpa (see Battle of Cuzco), and gained control because of their arms and horses, employing superior military technology.
After the Spanish invasion
àtúnṣe
The first three Spaniards arrived in the city in May 1533, after the Battle of Cajamarca, collecting for Atahualpa's Ransom Room. On 15 November 1533 Francisco Pizarro officially arrived in Cusco. "The capital of the Incas ... astonished the Spaniards by the beauty of its edifices, the length and regularity of its streets." The great square was surrounded by several palaces, since "each sovereign built a new palace for himself." "The delicacy of the stone work excelled" that of the Spaniards'. The fortress had three parapets and was composed of "heavy masses of rock". "Through the heart of the capital ran a river ... faced with stone. ... The most sumptuous edifice in Cuzco ... was undoubtedly the great temple dedicated to the Sun ... studded with gold plates ... surrounded by convents and dormitories for the priests. ... The palaces were numerous and the troops lost no time in plundering them of their contents, as well as despoiling the religious edifices," including the royal mummies in the Coricancha.[18]:186–187, 192–193, 216–219
Pizarro ceremoniously gave Manco Inca the Incan fringe as the new Peruvian leader.[18]:221 Pizarro encouraged some of his men to stay and settle in the city, giving out repartimientos, or land grants to do so.[19]:46 Alcaldes were established and regidores on 24 March 1534, which included the brothers Gonzalo Pizarro and Juan Pizarro. Pizarro left a garrison of 90 men and departed for Jauja with Manco Inca.[18]:222, 227
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Pizarro renamed it as the "very noble and great city of Cuzco". Buildings often constructed after the Spanish invasion have a mixture of Spanish influence and Inca indigenous architecture, including the Santa Clara and San Blas neighborhoods. The Spanish destroyed many Inca buildings, temples and palaces. They used the remaining walls as bases for the construction of a new city, and this stone masonry is still visible.
Father Vincente de Valverde became the Bishop of Cusco and built his cathedral facing the plaza. He supported construction of the Dominican Order monastery (Santo Domingo Convent) on the ruins of the Corichanca, House of the Sun, and a convent at the former site of the House of the Virgins of the Sun.[18]:222
During the Siege of Cuzco of 1536 by Manco Inca Yupanqui, a leader of the Sapa Inca, he took control of the city from the Spanish. Although the siege lasted 10 months, it was ultimately unsuccessful. Manco's forces were able to reclaim the city for only a few days. He eventually retreated to Vilcabamba, the capital of the newly established small Neo-Inca State. There his state survived another 36 years but he was never able to return to Cuzco. Throughout the conflict and years of the Spanish colonization of the Americas, many Incas died of smallpox epidemics, as they had no acquired immunity to a disease by then endemic among Europeans.
Cusco was built on layers of cultures. The Tawantinsuyu (former Inca Empire) was built on Killke structures. The Spanish replaced indigenous temples with Catholic churches, and Inca palaces with mansions for the invaders.
Cusco was the center for the Spanish colonization and spread of Christianity in the Andean world. It became very prosperous thanks to agriculture, cattle raising and mining, as well as its trade with Spain. The Spanish colonists constructed many churches and convents, as well as a cathedral, university and archdiocese.
Present
àtúnṣeA major earthquake on the 21st of May hit in 1950, and caused damage in more than one third of the city's structures. The Dominican Priory and Church of Santo Domingo, which were built on top of the impressive Qurikancha (Temple of the Sun), were among the affected colonial era buildings. Inca architecture withstood the earthquake. Many of the old Inca walls were at first thought to have been lost after the earthquake, but the granite retaining walls of the Qurikancha were exposed, as well as those of other ancient structures throughout the city. Restoration work at the Santo Domingo complex exposed the Inca masonry formerly obscured by the superstructure without compromising the integrity of the colonial heritage.[24] Many of the buildings damaged in 1950 had been impacted by an earthquake only nine years previously.[25]
Since the 1990s, tourism has increased. Currently, Cusco is the most important tourist destination in Peru. Under the administration of mayor Daniel Estrada Pérez, a staunch supporter of the Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, between 1983 and 1995 the Quechua name Qosqo was officially adopted for the city.
Honors
àtúnṣe- In 1933, the Congress of Americanists met in La Plata, Argentina, and declared the city as the Archeological Capital of the Americas.
- In 1978, the 7th Convention of Mayors of Great World Cities met in Milan, Italy, and declared Cusco a Cultural Heritage of the World.
- In 1983, UNESCO, in Paris, France, declared the city a World Heritage Site. The Peruvian government declared it the Tourism Capital of Peru and Cultural Heritage of the Nation.
- In 2007, the New7Wonders Foundation designated Machu Picchu one of the New Seven Wonders of the World, following a worldwide poll.[26]
Geography and climate
àtúnṣeCusco extends throughout the Huatanay (or Watanay) river valley. Located on the eastern end of the Knot of CuscoÀdàkọ:Cn, its elevation is around 3,400 m (11,200 ft). To its north is the Vilcabamba mountain range with 4,000–6,000-meter-high (13,000–20,000-foot) mountains. The highest peak is Salcantay (6,271 meters or 20,574 feet) about 60 kilometers (37 miles) northwest of Cusco.[27]
Cusco has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb). It is generally dry and temperate, with two defined seasons. Winter occurs from May through September, with abundant sunshine and occasional nighttime freezes; July is the coldest month with an average of 9.7 °C (49.5 °F). Summer occurs from October through April, with warm temperatures and abundant rainfall; November is the warmest month, averaging 13.3 °C (55.9 °F). Although frost and hail are common, the last reported snowfall was in June 1911. Temperatures usually range from 0.2 to 20.9 °C (32.4 to 69.6 °F), but the all-time temperature range is between −8.9 and 30 °C (16.0 and 86.0 °F). Sunshine hours peak in July, the equivalent of January in the Northern Hemisphere. In contrast, February, the equivalent of August in the Northern Hemisphere, has the least sunshine.
Cusco was found in 2006 to be the spot on Earth with the highest average ultraviolet light level.[28]
| Dátà ojúọjọ́ fún Cusco (Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport) 1961-1990, extremes 1931-present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Osù | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Ọdún |
| Iye tógajùlọ °C (°F) | 27.8 (82) |
26.7 (80.1) |
25.3 (77.5) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.0 (80.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
25.8 (78.4) |
25.9 (78.6) |
27.2 (81) |
26.6 (79.9) |
29.9 (85.8) |
29.9 (85.8) |
| Iye àmúpín tógajùlọ °C (°F) | 18.8 (65.8) |
18.8 (65.8) |
19.1 (66.4) |
19.7 (67.5) |
19.7 (67.5) |
19.4 (66.9) |
19.2 (66.6) |
19.9 (67.8) |
20.1 (68.2) |
20.9 (69.6) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.8 (69.4) |
19.8 (67.6) |
| Iye àmúpín ojojúmọ́ °C (°F) | 12.9 (55.2) |
12.7 (54.9) |
12.8 (55) |
12.7 (54.9) |
12.0 (53.6) |
11.4 (52.5) |
10.8 (51.4) |
11.5 (52.7) |
12.7 (54.9) |
13.6 (56.5) |
13.6 (56.5) |
13.2 (55.8) |
12.5 (54.5) |
| Iye àmúpín tókéréjùlọ °C (°F) | 6.6 (43.9) |
6.6 (43.9) |
6.3 (43.3) |
5.1 (41.2) |
2.7 (36.9) |
0.5 (32.9) |
0.2 (32.4) |
1.7 (35.1) |
4.0 (39.2) |
5.5 (41.9) |
6.0 (42.8) |
6.5 (43.7) |
4.3 (39.7) |
| Iye tókéréjùlọ °C (°F) | 0.0 (32) |
0.0 (32) |
0.0 (32) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
−6.0 (21.2) |
0.0 (32) |
0.0 (32) |
0.5 (32.9) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
| Iye àmúpín ìrọ̀jò mm (inches) | 160.0 (6.299) |
132.9 (5.232) |
108.4 (4.268) |
44.4 (1.748) |
8.6 (0.339) |
2.4 (0.094) |
3.9 (0.154) |
8.0 (0.315) |
22.4 (0.882) |
47.3 (1.862) |
78.6 (3.094) |
120.1 (4.728) |
737 (29.015) |
| Iye àmúpín àwọn ọjọ́ òjò (≥ 1.0 mm) | 19 | 15 | 13 | 9 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 13 | 16 | 105 |
| Iye àmúpín ìrì-omi (%) | 66 | 67 | 66 | 63 | 59 | 55 | 54 | 54 | 56 | 56 | 58 | 62 | 60 |
| Iye àmúpín wákàtí ìràn òrùn lósooòsù | 143 | 121 | 170 | 210 | 239 | 228 | 257 | 236 | 195 | 198 | 195 | 158 | 2,350 |
| Source #1: NOAA,[29] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[30] | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (mean temperatures 1961-1990, precipitation days 1970-1990 and humidity 1954-1993)[31] Danish Meteorological Institute (sun 1931-1960)[32] | |||||||||||||
Tourism
àtúnṣeTourism has been the backbone to the economy since the early 2000s, bringing in more than 1.2 million tourists per year.[33] In 2002, the income Cusco received from tourism was US$837 million. In 2009, that number increased to US$2.47 billion.[citation needed] Unfortunately, due to the COVID-19 pandemic tourism has dropped by a significant amount.
Main sites
àtúnṣeÀdàkọ:Wide image The indigenous Killke culture built the walled complex of Sacsayhuamán about 1100. The Killke built a major temple near Saksaywaman, as well as an aqueduct (Pukyus) and roadway connecting prehistoric structures. Sacsayhuamán was expanded by the Inca.
The Spanish explorer Pizarro sacked much of the Inca city in 1535. Remains of the palace of the Incas, Qurikancha (the Temple of the Sun), and the Temple of the Virgins of the Sun still stand. Inca buildings and foundations in some cases proved to be stronger during earthquakes than foundations built in present-day Peru. Among the most noteworthy Spanish colonial buildings of the city is the Cathedral of Santo Domingo.
The major nearby Inca sites are Pachacuti's presumed winter home, Machu Picchu, which can be reached on foot by the Inca Trail to Machu Picchu or by train; and the "fortress" at Ollantaytambo.
Less-visited ruins include: Incahuasi, the highest of all Inca sites at 3,980 m (13,060 ft);[34] Vilcabamba, the capital of the Inca after the Spanish capture of Cusco; the sculpture garden at Ñusta Hisp'ana (aka Chuqip'allta, Yuraq Rumi); Tipón, with working water channels in wide terraces; as well as Willkaraqay, Patallaqta, Chuqik'iraw, Moray, Vitos and many others.
The surrounding area, located in the Watanay Valley, is strong in gold mining and agriculture, including corn, barley, quinoa, tea and coffee.
Cusco's main stadium Estadio Garcilaso de la Vega was one of seven stadiums used when Peru hosted South America's continental soccer championship, the Copa América, in 2004. The stadium is home to one of the country's most successful soccer clubs, Cienciano.
The city is served by Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport.
Architectural heritage
àtúnṣe
Because of its antiquity and importance, the city center retains many buildings, plazas, streets and churches from colonial times, and even some pre-Columbian structures, which led to its declaration as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1983. Among the main sights of the city are:
Barrio de San Blas
àtúnṣeThis neighborhood houses artisans, workshops and craft shops. It is one of the most picturesque sites in the city. Its streets are steep and narrow with old houses built by the Spanish over important Inca foundations. It has an attractive square and the oldest parish church in Cusco, built in 1563, which has a carved wooden pulpit considered the epitome of Colonial era woodwork in Cusco.
The Quechua name of this neighborhood is Tuq'ukachi, which means the opening of the salt.
Hatun Rumiyuq
àtúnṣeThis street is the most visited by tourists. On the street Hatun Rumiyoq ("the one with the big stone") was the palace of Inca Roca, which was converted to the Archbishop's residence.
Along this street that runs from the Plaza de Armas to the Barrio de San Blas, one can see the Stone of Twelve Angles, which is viewed as a marvel of ancient stonework and has become emblematic of the city's history.
Basílica de la Merced
àtúnṣeIts foundation dates from 1536. The first complex was destroyed by the earthquake of 1650. Its rebuilding was completed in 1675.
Its cloisters of Baroque Renaissance style, choir stalls, colonial paintings and wood carvings are highlights, now a popular museum.
Also on view is an elaborate monstrance made of gold and gemstones that weighs 22 kg (49 lb) and is 130 cm (51.18 in) in height.
Cathedral
àtúnṣeThe first cathedral built in Cusco is the Iglesia del Triunfo, built in 1539 on the foundations of the Palace of Viracocha Inca. Today, this church is an auxiliary chapel of the cathedral.
The main basilica cathedral of the city was built between 1560 and 1664. The main material used was stone, which was extracted from nearby quarries, although some blocks of red granite were taken from the fortress of Saksaywaman.
This great cathedral presents late-Gothic, Baroque and plateresque interiors and has one of the most outstanding examples of colonial goldwork. Its carved wooden altars are also important.
The city developed a distinctive style of painting known as the "Cuzco School" and the cathedral houses a major collection of local artists of the time. The cathedral is known for a Cusco School painting of the Last Supper depicting Jesus and the twelve apostles feasting on guinea pig, a traditional Andean delicacy.
The cathedral is the seat of the Archdiocese of Cuzco.
Plaza de Armas de Cusco
àtúnṣeKnown as the "Square of the warrior" in the Inca era, this plaza has been the scene of several important events, such as the proclamation by Francisco Pizarro in the conquest of Cuzco.
Similarly, the Plaza de Armas was the scene of the death of Túpac Amaru II, considered the indigenous leader of the resistance.
The Spanish built stone arcades around the plaza which endure to this day. The main cathedral and the Church of La Compañía both open directly onto the plaza.
The cast iron fountain in Plaza de Armas was manufactured by Janes, Beebe & Co.
Iglesia de la Compañía de Jesús
àtúnṣeThis church (Church of the Society of Jesus), whose construction was initiated by the Jesuits in 1576 on the foundations of the Amarucancha or the palace of the Inca ruler Wayna Qhapaq, is considered one of the best examples of colonial baroque style in the Americas. Its façade is carved in stone and its main altar is made of carved wood covered with gold leaf. It was built over an underground chapel and has a valuable collection of colonial paintings of the Cusco School.
Qurikancha and Convent of Santo Domingo
àtúnṣe.jpg)
The Qurikancha ("golden place") was the most important sanctuary dedicated to the Sun God (Inti) at the time of the Inca Empire. According to ancient chronicles written by Garcilaso de la Vega (chronicler), Qurikancha was said to have featured a large solid golden disc that was studded with precious stones and represented the Inca Sun God – Inti. Spanish chroniclers describe the Sacred Garden in front of the temple as a garden of golden plants with leaves of beaten gold, stems of silver, solid gold corn-cobs and 20 life-size llamas and their herders all in solid gold.[35]
The temple was destroyed by its Spanish invaders who, as they plundered, were determined to rid the city of its wealth, idolaters and shrines. Nowadays, only a curved outer wall and partial ruins of the inner temple remain at the site.
With this structure as a foundation, colonists built the Convent of Santo Domingo in the Renaissance style. The building, with one baroque tower, exceeds the height of many other buildings in this city.
Inside is a large collection of paintings from the Cuzco School.
Museums
àtúnṣeCusco has the following important museums:[36]
- Museo de Arte Precolombino
- Casa Concha Museum (Machu Picchu Museum)
- Museo Inka
- Museo Histórico Regional de Cuzco
- Centro de Textiles Tradicionales del Cuzco or Center of the Traditional Textiles of Cusco in English
- Museum of Sacred, Magical and Medicinal Plants (Museo de plantas sagradas, mágicas y medicinales)[37]
- ChocoMuseo (The Cacao and Chocolate Museum)[38]
There are also some museums located at churches.
Population
àtúnṣeThe city had a population of about 434,114 people in 2013 and 434,654 people in 2015 according to INEI.
| City district | Area
(km2) |
Population
2007 census (hab) |
Housing
(2007) |
Density
(hab/km2) |
Elevation
(amsl) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cuzco | 116.22 | 108,798* | 28,476 | 936.1 | 3,399 | |
| San Jerónimo | 103.34 | 28,856* | 8,942 | 279.2 | 3,244 | |
| San Sebastián | 89.44 | 85,472* | 18,109 | 955.6 | 3,244 | |
| Santiago | 69.72 | 66,277* | 21,168 | 950.6 | 3,400 | |
| Wanchaq | 6.38 | 54,524* | 14,690 | 8,546.1 | 3,366 | |
| Total | 385.1 | 358,052* | 91,385 | 929.76 | — | |
| *Census data conducted by INEI[39] | ||||||
Cuisine
àtúnṣeAs capital to the Inca Empire, Cusco was an important agricultural region. It was a natural reserve for thousands of native Peruvian species, including around 3,000 varieties of potato cultivated by the people.[40] Fusion and neo-Andean restaurants developed in Cusco, in which the cuisine is prepared with modern techniques and incorporates a blend of traditional Andean and international ingredients.[41]
Twin towns – sister cities
àtúnṣe
Athens, Greece
Bethlehem, Palestine
Baguio, Philippines
Copán Ruinas, Honduras
Cuenca, Ecuador
Havana, Cuba
Jersey City, United States
Jerusalem, Israel
Kaesong, North Korea
Kraków, Poland
Mexico City, Mexico
Moscow, Russia
La Paz, Bolivia- Potosí, Bolivia
- Puebla, Mexico[43]
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Samarkand, Uzbekistan- Tempe, United States[44]
See also
àtúnṣe
- Governorate of New Castile
- Inca religion in Cusco
- Inca road system
- Iperu, tourist information and assistance
- List of archaeoastronomical sites sorted by country
- List of buildings and structures in Cusco
- PeruRail
- Peru's Challenge
- Pikillaqta
- Santurantikuy
- Tampukancha, Inca religious site
- Tourism in Peru
- Wanakawri
Notes
àtúnṣe- ↑ Cusco has been the preferred spelling since 1976; see Spelling and etymology below.
References
àtúnṣe- ↑ Perú: Población estimada al 30 de junio y tasa de crecimiento de las ciudades capitales, por departamento, 2011 y 2015. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. March 2012. http://proyectos.inei.gob.pe/web/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib1020/cuadros/c0206.xls. Retrieved 2015-06-03.
- ↑ "Constitución del Perъ de 1993". Pdba.georgetown.edu. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
- ↑ Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (2007). "Cuzco: La piedra donde se posó la lechuza. Historia de un nombre.". Andina (Lima) 44: 143–174. ISSN 0259-9600.
- ↑ Carrión Ordóñez, Enrique (1990). "Cuzco, con Z". Histórica (Lima) XVII: 267–270.
- ↑ Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo (2006). "Cuzco: la piedra donde se posó la lechuza. Historia de un nombre". Lexis 1 (30): 151–52. http://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/lexis/sites/revistas.pucp.edu.pe.lexis/files/images/Lexis-XXX-1-2006-5-Cerron-Palomino.pdf. Retrieved 2011-05-24.
- ↑ "Cuzco Eats: "In the epoch of Daniel Estrada Perez, one of the most influential mayors we have had in this city, the name was changed to Qosqo, reclaiming Quechua pronunciation and spelling. Years later, under other governments the name returned once again to Cusco." 22 Sept. 2014". Archived from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- ↑ "Cusco – Cusco and around Guide". roughguides.com. Archived from the original on 3 September 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
- ↑ "The World Factbook". cia.gov.
- ↑ "City of Cuzco – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". Whc.unesco.org. 21 August 2007. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
- ↑ "Cuzco Travel Information and Travel Guide – Peru". Lonely Planet. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
- ↑ Oxford Dictionary of English, 2nd ed, revised, 2009, Oxford University Press, eBook edition, accessed 30 August 2017.
- ↑ Merriam-Webster Online|[1], accessed 30 August 2017.
- ↑ JSTOR (cuzco) AND la:(eng OR en) has 5,671 articles vs. only 1,124 articles for (cusco) AND la:(eng OR en); JSTOR accessed 30 August 2017.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Kelly Hearn, "Ancient Temple Discovered Among Inca Ruins", National Geographic News, 31 March 2008, accessed 12 January 2010
- ↑ "News". Comcast.net<!. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
- ↑ "The history of Cusco". cusco.net<!. Archived from the original on 21 August 2009. Retrieved 25 July 2009.
- ↑ de Gamboa, P. S., 2015, History of the Incas, Lexington, ISBN 9781463688653
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Prescott, W. H. (2011). The History of the Conquest of Peru. Digireads.com Publishing, ISBN 9781420941142
- ↑ Pizzaro, P. (1571). Relation of the Discovery and Conquest of the Kingdoms of Peru, Vol. 1–2. New York: Cortes Society, RareBooksClub.com, ISBN 9781235937859
- ↑ "Il Cvscho, citta principale della provincia del Perv.". Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library of the Yale University Library.
- ↑ Ingrid Baumgärtner; Nirit Ben-Aryeh Debby; Katrin Kogman-Appel (March 2019). Maps and travel in the Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period. Berlin, Boston: Library of Congress. ISBN 978-3-11-058877-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=ONGJDwAAQBAJ&q=Giovanni+Battista+Ramusio+cusco&pg=PT437.
- ↑ Karen Ordahl Kupperman (1995). America in European Consciousness, 1493-1750. Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, University of North Carolina Press. pp. 120. ISBN 978-0-8078-4510-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=kqc1GIhK_wEC&q=Giovanni+Battista+Ramusio+cusco&pg=PA120.
- ↑ "City of Cuzco". UNESCO World Heritage website.
- ↑ "Koricancha Temple and Santo Domingo Convent – Cusco, Peru". Sacred-destinations.com. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ↑ Erickson; et al. "The Cusco, Peru, Earthquake of May 21, 1950". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. Bssa.geoscienceworld.org. p. 97. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ↑ "Opera House snubbed as new Wonders unveiled". abc.net.au. 8 July 2007.
- ↑ "Map of the Andes". zoom-maps.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Liley, J. Ben and McKenzie, Richard L. (April 2006) "Where on Earth has the highest UV?" UV Radiation and its Effects: an update NIWA Science, Hamilton, NZ;
- ↑ "Cusco Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
- ↑ "Station Alejandro Velasco" (in Èdè Faransé). Météo Climat. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
- ↑ "Klimatafel von Cuzco, Prov. Cuzco / Peru" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in Èdè Jámánì). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
- ↑ Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens. "Peru – Cuzco" (PDF). Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931-1960) (in Èdè Ilẹ̀ Denmark). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 209. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2012. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "PERU: New Cusco airport will help boost tourism". Oxford Analytica Daily Brief Service. 10 August 2010. Àdàkọ:ProQuest. https://dailybrief.oxan.com/Analysis/DB161871/PERU-New-Cusco-airport-will-help-boost-tourism.
- ↑ "Photo map of the sites in Upper Puncuyoc – Inca Wasi, cave group, reflection pond and abandoned pegs". bylandwaterandair.com. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "The Inca City of Cusco: A Fascinating Look at the Most Important City in the Inca Empire". totallylatinamerica.com. 5 July 2013. Archived from the original on 10 July 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Museums in Cusco theonlyperuguide.com
- ↑ Museum of Sacred, Magical and Medicinal Plants Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine., Cusco
- ↑ Cacao and Chocolate Museum Archived 21 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine., Cusco
- ↑ Censo 2005 INEI Archived 23 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Cusco, Peru Bans GM Products To Protect Diversity of Native Potatoes". scidev.net. Retrieved 21 February 2012.
- ↑ "Restaurantes". archive.org. 20 November 2007. Archived from the original on 20 November 2007. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Ciudades Hermanas de Cusco". aatccusco.com (in Èdè Sípáníìṣì). Asociación de Agencias de Turismo del Cusco. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
- ↑ "Acuerdos interinstitucionales registrados por dependencias y municipios de Puebla". sre.gob.mx (in Èdè Sípáníìṣì). Secretaría de relaciones exteriores. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
- ↑ "Our Sister Cities". tempesistercities.org. Tempe Sister Cities. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
Bibliography
àtúnṣe- Chandler, Tertius; Fox, Gerald (1974). 3000 Years of Urban Growth. New York and London: Academic Press. https://archive.org/details/3000yearsofurban0000chan.
External links
àtúnṣe
Media related to Cusco at Wikimedia Commons
- Cusco official website
- Old map of Cusco Archived 20 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine., Historic Cities site Archived 25 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
Àdàkọ:World Heritage Sites in Peru Àdàkọ:Archaeological sites in Peru Àdàkọ:Regional capitals of Peru Àdàkọ:Large cities of Peru Àdàkọ:American Capital of Culture Àdàkọ:Spanish Colonial architecture Àdàkọ:Authority control