Òmìnira ilẹ̀ Áfríkà

Òmìnira ilẹ̀ Áfríkà jẹ́ ǹkan tí ó ṣẹlẹ̀ láàrin àwọn ọdún 1950s sí 1975 nígbà Cold War, tí ọ̀pọ̀lopọ̀ orílẹ̀ èdè sì gba òmìnira. Ọ̀pọ̀lọpọ̀ ìṣẹ̀lẹ̀ yìí ló mú wàhálà àti àìsimin dání, díè nínú wọn ni Mau Mau rebellion ní British Kenya, Algerian War ní French Algeria, Congo Crisis ní Belgian Congo, Angolan War of Independence ní Portuguese Angola, Zanzibar Revolution ní Sultanate of Zanzibar, àti Ogun Abele Nàìjíríà tí Biafra àti ìjọba Nàìjíríà jà.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Bí àwọn orílẹ̀-èdè náà ṣe gba òmìnira àtúnṣe

Tábìlì yí sọ bí àwọn orílẹ̀ èdè méjìdínlógọ́ta ṣe gba òmìnira.

Ìtò	Orílẹ̀-èdè ^{[lower-alpha 1]}	Orúkọ wọn nígbà ìsìnrú	Orílẹ̀-èdè akónilẹ́rú ^{[lower-alpha 2]}	Ọjọ́ tí wọ́n gba òmìnira ^{[lower-alpha 3]}	Adarí àkọ́kọ́^{[lower-alpha 4]}	Bí wọ́n ṣe gba òmìnira
1	Liberia	Liberia	United States	26 July 1847^{[lower-alpha 5]}	Joseph Jenkins Roberts^{[lower-alpha 6]} William Tubman	Liberian Declaration of Independence
2	South Africa^{[lower-alpha 7]}	Cape Colony Colony of Natal Orange River Colony Àdàkọ:Country data Transvaal Colony Transvaal Colony	United Kingdom	31 May 1910^{[lower-alpha 8]}	Louis Botha	South Africa Act 1909
3	Egypt^{[lower-alpha 9]}	Sultanate of Egypt	United Kingdom	28 February 1922^{[lower-alpha 10]}	Fuad I^{[lower-alpha 11]}	Egyptian revolution of 1919
4	Àdàkọ:Country data Ethiopian Empire Ethiopian Empire	Italian East Africa	Italy United Kingdom	31 January 1942 19 December 1944	Haile Selassie	Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement (East African campaign)
4	Eritrea	Italian Eritrea	Italy^{[lower-alpha 12]}	10 February 1947^{[lower-alpha 13]}	Haile Selassie^{[lower-alpha 14]}	Eritrean War of Independence
5	Emirate of Cyrenaica	British Military Administration	United Kingdom	1 March 1949	Idris
5	United Kingdom of Libya	British Military Administration Fezzan-Ghadames Military Territory Emirate of Cyrenaica	United Kingdom France Emirate of Cyrenaica	24 December 1951	Idris	Western Desert campaign
5	Libya^{[lower-alpha 15]}	Italian Libya^{[lower-alpha 16]}	Italy United Kingdom	24 December 1951	Idris	Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947 U.N. General Assembly Resolution 289^[7]
6	Sudan	Anglo-Egyptian Sudan	United Kingdom^{[lower-alpha 17]} Egypt	1 January 1956^{[lower-alpha 18]}	Ismail al-Azhari^{[lower-alpha 19]}	-^{[lower-alpha 20]}
7	South Sudan	Anglo-Egyptian Sudan	United Kingdom^{[lower-alpha 17]} Egypt	1 January 1956^{[lower-alpha 18]}	Ismail al-Azhari^{[lower-alpha 19]}	-^{[lower-alpha 20]}
8	Tunisia^{[lower-alpha 21]}	French Tunisia	France United Kingdom	20 March 1956	Muhammad VIII al-Amin Habib Bourguiba	-^{[lower-alpha 22]}
9	Morocco	French Morocco Tangier International Zone Spanish Morocco Spanish West Africa Ifni	France Spain	2 March 1956^{[lower-alpha 23]} 7 April 1956 10 April 1958 4 January 1969 14 November 1975 27 February 1976	Mohammed V	Ifni War
10	Ghana^{[lower-alpha 24]}	Gold Coast	United Kingdom	6 March 1957^{[lower-alpha 25]}	Kwame Nkrumah^{[lower-alpha 26]}	1956 Gold Coast general election
11	Guinea	Àdàkọ:Country data French West Africa	France	2 October 1958	Ahmed Sékou Touré	1958 Guinean constitutional referendum
12	Cameroon	Kamerun French Cameroon British Cameroon	German Empire France United Kingdom	4 March 1916 1 January 1960^{[lower-alpha 27]} 1 October 1961	Karl Ebermaier Ahmadou Ahidjo John Ngu Foncha	-^{[lower-alpha 28]}
13	Togo	French Togoland	France	27 April 1960	Sylvanus Olympio	-
14	Mali	French West Africa		20 June 1960^{[lower-alpha 29]}	Modibo Keïta	-
15	Senegal	French West Africa		20 June 1960^{[lower-alpha 29]}	Léopold Sédar Senghor	-
16	Madagascar^{[lower-alpha 30]}	French Madagascar		26 June 1960	Philibert Tsiranana	-^{[lower-alpha 31]}
17	Democratic Republic of the Congo ^{[lower-alpha 32]}	Belgian Congo	Belgium	30 June 1960	Joseph Kasa-Vubu	Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference^{[lower-alpha 33]}
18	Somalia^{[lower-alpha 34]}	Àdàkọ:Country data British Somaliland Trust Territory of Somaliland	United Kingdom Italy	26 June 1960 1 July 1960^{[lower-alpha 35]}	Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal Aden Adde	-
19	Republic of Dahomey	Republic of Dahomey Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá	France Portugal	1 August 1960 31 July 1961^[9]	Hubert Maga
19	Benin^{[lower-alpha 36]}	Àdàkọ:Country data French West Africa	France	1 August 1960	Hubert Maga	-
20	Niger			3 August 1960	Hamani Diori	-
21	Burkina Faso ^{[lower-alpha 37]}			5 August 1960	Maurice Yaméogo	-
22	Ivory Coast			7 August 1960	Félix Houphouët-Boigny	-
23	Chad	Àdàkọ:Country data French Equatorial Africa		11–12 August 1960	François Tombalbaye	-
24	Central African Republic			13 August 1960	David Dacko	-
25	Republic of the Congo			14–15 August 1960	Fulbert Youlou	-
26	Gabon			16–17 August 1960	Léon M'ba	-
27	Nigeria	Colonial Nigeria British Cameroon	United Kingdom	1 October 1960 1 June 1961 1 October 1961^{[lower-alpha 38]}	Nnamdi Azikiwe	-
28	Mauritania	Àdàkọ:Country data French West Africa	France	28 November 1957 28 November 1960	Moktar Ould Daddah	-
29	Sierra Leone	Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate	United Kingdom	27 April 1961	Milton Margai	-
30	Àdàkọ:Country data Tanganyika (1961–1964)^{[lower-alpha 39]}	Àdàkọ:Country data Tanganyika Territory	United Kingdom	9 December 1961	Julius Nyerere	-
31	Burundi^{[lower-alpha 40]}	Àdàkọ:Country data German East Africa Ruanda-Urundi	Germany Belgium	1 July 1919 1 July 1962	Mwambutsa IV of Burundi	-
32	Rwanda	Àdàkọ:Country data German East Africa Ruanda-Urundi	Germany Belgium	1 July 1919 1 July 1962	Yuhi V Musinga Grégoire Kayibanda	Rwandan Revolution
33	Algeria	French Algeria	France	5 July 1962	Ahmed Ben Bella^{[lower-alpha 41]}	Algerian War Évian Accords
34	Uganda	Protectorate of Uganda	United Kingdom	9 October 1962	Milton Obote	-
35	Kenya	British East Africa		12 December 1963^{[lower-alpha 42]}	Jomo Kenyatta^{[lower-alpha 26]}	-^{[lower-alpha 43]}
36	Sultanate of Zanzibar^{[lower-alpha 39]}	Sultanate of Zanzibar		10 December 1963	Jamshid bin Abdullah	-^{[lower-alpha 44]}
37	Malawi	Àdàkọ:Country data Nyasaland		6 July 1964^{[lower-alpha 45]}	Hastings Banda^{[lower-alpha 26]}	-
38	Zambia	Àdàkọ:Country data Northern Rhodesia		24 October 1964	Kenneth Kaunda	-
39	The Gambia	Gambia Colony and Protectorate		18 February 1965^{[lower-alpha 46]}	Dawda Jawara^{[lower-alpha 26]}	-
40	Àdàkọ:Country data Rhodesia Zimbabwe	Àdàkọ:Country data Southern Rhodesia		11 November 1965^{[lower-alpha 47]}	Ian Smith	Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence
41	Botswana	Bechuanaland Protectorate		30 September 1960 – 1966^{[lower-alpha 48]}	Seretse Khama	-
42	Lesotho	Basutoland		4 October 1966	Leabua Jonathan^{[lower-alpha 49]}	-
43	Mauritius	Mauritius		12 March 1968	Seewoosagur Ramgoolam	-
44	Eswatini	Swaziland		6 September 1968	Sobhuza II	-
45	Equatorial Guinea	Spanish Guinea	Spain	12 October 1968	Francisco Macías Nguema	-
46	Guinea-Bissau	Portuguese Guinea	Portugal	24 September 1973 10 September 1974 (recognised) 5 July 1975^{[lower-alpha 50]}	Luís Cabral João Bernardo Vieira Aristides Pereira Pedro Pires	Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
47	Mozambique^{[lower-alpha 51]}	Portuguese Mozambique		25 June 1975	Samora Machel	Mozambican War of Independence
48	Cape Verde	Portuguese Cape Verde		5 July 1975	Aristides Pereira^{[lower-alpha 52]}	Guinea-Bissau War of Independence^{[lower-alpha 53]}
49	Comoros	French Comoros	France	6 July 1975	Ahmed Abdallah	1974 Comorian independence referendum
50	São Tomé and Príncipe	Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe	Portugal	12 July 1975	Manuel Pinto da Costa	-
51	Angola^{[lower-alpha 54]}	Portuguese Angola	Portugal	11 November 1975	Agostinho Neto	Angolan War of Independence
52	Seychelles	Crown Colony of the Seychelles	United Kingdom	29 June 1976	James Mancham	-
53	Djibouti	French Territory of the Afars and the Issas	France	27 June 1977	Hassan Gouled Aptidon	1977 Afars and Issas independence referendum
54	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic^{[lower-alpha 55]}	Spanish Sahara Southern Provinces Western Tiris	Spain Morocco Mauritania	27 February 1976 independence not yet effectuated	El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed Mohamed Abdelaziz	Western Sahara War Western Sahara conflict
55	Namibia	Àdàkọ:Country data South West Africa	South Africa	October 27, 1966 (de jure)^[11] 21 March 1990	Sam Nujoma	U.N. Security Council Resolution 269 South African Border War

Àwọn Ìtọ́kasí àtúnṣe

↑ John Hatch, Africa: The Rebirth of Self-Rule (1967)
↑ William Roger Louis, The transfer of power in Africa: decolonization, 1940-1960 (Yale UP, 1982).
↑ Birmingham, David (1995). The Decolonization of Africa. Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-540-9.
↑ John D. Hargreaves, Decolonization in Africa (2014).
↑ for the viewpoint from London and Paris see Rudolf von Albertini, Decolonization: the Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919-1960 (Doubleday, 1971).
↑ wucher King, Joan (1989). Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Books of Lasting Value. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 259–260. ISBN 978-977-424-213-7.
↑ "A/RES/289(IV) - E - A/RES/289(IV)". undocs.org. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
↑ Robert O. Collins, A History of Modern Sudan Archived 18 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
↑ Independent Benin unilaterally annexed Portuguese São João Baptista de Ajudá in 1961.
↑ UN General Assembly Resolution 34/37 and UN General Assembly Resolution 35/19
↑ UN resolution 2145 terminated South Africa's mandate over Namibia, making it de jure independent. South Africa did not relinquish the territory until 1990

Àṣìṣe ìtọ́kasí: <ref> tags exist for a group named "lower-alpha", but no corresponding <references group="lower-alpha"/> tag was found

[1] John Hatch, Africa: The Rebirth of Self-Rule (1967)

[2] William Roger Louis, The transfer of power in Africa: decolonization, 1940-1960 (Yale UP, 1982).

[3] Birmingham, David (1995). The Decolonization of Africa. Routledge. ISBN 1-85728-540-9.

[4] John D. Hargreaves, Decolonization in Africa (2014).

[5] r the viewpoint from London and Paris see Rudolf von Albertini, Decolonization: the Administration and Future of the Colonies, 1919-1960 (Doubleday, 1971).

[15] wucher King, Joan (1989). Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Books of Lasting Value. American University in Cairo Press. pp. 259–260. ISBN 978-977-424-213-7.

[23] "A/RES/289(IV) - E - A/RES/289(IV)". undocs.org. Retrieved 2020-07-23.

[24] Robert O. Collins, A History of Modern Sudan Archived 18 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine.

[44] Independent Benin unilaterally annexed Portuguese São João Baptista de Ajudá in 1961.

[64] UN General Assembly Resolution 34/37 and UN General Assembly Resolution 35/19

[66] UN resolution 2145 terminated South Africa's mandate over Namibia, making it de jure independent. South Africa did not relinquish the territory until 1990

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