Nítrójìn

Nítrójìn tàbí Náítrójìn ni ẹ́límẹ̀ntì kẹ́míkà kan tó ní àmì-ìdámọ̀ N àti nọ́mbà átọ̀mù 7. Nítrójìn bíi ẹ́límẹ̀ntì jẹ́ ẹ̀fúùfù átọ̀mùméjì aláilawọ̀, aláìlóòórùn, aláìní-ìdámọ̀ N àti nọ́mbà átọ̀mù 7. Nítrójìn bíi ẹ̀límẹ̀ntì jẹ́ ẹ̀fúùfù átọ̀mùméjì aláilawọ̀, aláìlóòórùn, aláìníé-ìṣẹ̀wọ̀ aláìkópa ní oníkún. Nítrójìn jẹ́ wíwárí gẹ́gẹ́bí ohun inú afẹ́fẹ́ yíyàtọ̀, látọwọ́ oníṣègùn ará Skọ́tlàndì Daniel Rutherford, ní 1772. Nítrójìn wà nínú ẹ̀bí àwọn pníktójìn.

Nítrójìn, ₇N

Nítrójìn
Ìhànsójú	aláìláwọ̀ bóyá ó jẹ́ ẹ̀fúùfù, olómisísàn tàbí aláralíle
Ìwúwo átọ̀mù Ar, std(N)	[14.00643, 14.00728] conventional: 14.007
Nítrójìn ní orí tábìlì àyè
Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson - ↑ N ↓ P kárbọ̀nù ← nítrójìn → ọ́ksíjìn
Nọ́mbà átọ̀mù (Z)	7
Ẹgbẹ́	group 15 (pnictogens)
Àyè	àyè 2
Àdìpọ̀	Àdìpọ̀-p
Ẹ̀ka ẹ́límẹ́ntì	Reactive nonmetal
Ìtò ẹ̀lẹ́ktrọ́nù	[He] 2s2 2p3
Iye ẹ̀lẹ́ktrọ́nù lórí ìpele kọ̀ọ̀kan	2, 5
Àwọn ohun ìní ara
Ìfarahàn at STP	gas
Ìgbà ìyọ́	63.15 K ​(-210.00 °C, ​-346.00 °F)
Ígbà ìhó	77.36 K ​(-195.79 °C, ​-320.33 °F)
Kíki (at STP)	1.251 g/L
when liquid (at b.p.)	0.808 g/cm3
Triple point	63.1526 K, ​12.53 kPa
Critical point	126.19 K, 3.3978 MPa
Heat of fusion	(N2) 0.72 kJ/mol
Heat of	(N2) 5.56 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	(N2) 29.124 J/(mol·K)
pressure P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 37 41 46 53 62 77
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	−3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 Àdàkọ:Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state/comment
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 3.04
energies	(more)
Covalent radius	71±1 pm
Van der Waals radius	155 pm
Color lines in a spectral range Spectral lines of nítrójìn
Other properties
Natural occurrence	primordial
Crystal structure	​hexagonal
Speed of sound	(gas, 27 °C) 353 m/s
Thermal conductivity	25.83 × 10−3 W/(m·K)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
CAS Number	7727-37-9
History
Discovery	Daniel Rutherford (1772)
Named by	Jean-Antoine Chaptal (1790)
Main isotopes of nítrójìn
Iso­tope Abun­dance Half-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct 13N syn 9.965 min ε 2.220 13C 14N 99.634% 14N is stable with 7 neutrons 15N 0.366% 15N is stable with 8 neutrons

Nítrójìn jẹ́ ẹ́límẹ̀ntì tó wọ́pọ̀ nínú àgbálá-ayé, ní nǹkan bíi keje in total abundance in our galaxy and the Solar System. O ti ṣepọ nipasẹ idapọ ti erogba ati hydrogen ni supernovas. Nitori iyipada ti nitrogen akọkọ ati awọn agbo ogun ti o wọpọ pẹlu hydrogen ati atẹgun, nitrogen jẹ eyiti ko wọpọ pupọ lori awọn aye aye apata ti Eto Oorun ti inu, ati pe o jẹ nkan ti o ṣọwọn diẹ lori Earth lapapọ. Bibẹẹkọ, gẹgẹ bi lori Earth, nitrogen ati awọn agbo ogun rẹ waye ni igbagbogbo bi awọn gaasi ninu awọn oju-aye ti awọn aye-aye ati awọn oṣupa ti o ni awọn oju-aye.

Ọpọlọpọ awọn agbo ogun pataki ti ile-iṣẹ, gẹgẹbi amonia, acid nitric, loore Organic (awọn ohun elo afẹfẹ ati awọn explosives), ati awọn cyanide, ni nitrogen ninu. Isopọ ti o lagbara pupọ julọ ni nitrogen akọkọ jẹ gaba lori kemistri nitrogen, nfa iṣoro fun awọn ohun alumọni mejeeji ati ile-iṣẹ ni iyipada (tabi “fixing”) N2 sinu awọn agbo ogun ti o wulo, ṣugbọn ni akoko kanna ti o nfa itusilẹ ti awọn oye nla ti nigbagbogbo wulo agbara nigbati awọn agbo ogun ba sun. , gbamu, tabi ibajẹ pada sinu gaasi nitrogen. Amonia ati loore ti a ṣe ni iṣelọpọ jẹ awọn ajile ile-iṣẹ pataki, [1] ati awọn loore ajile jẹ awọn idoti bọtini ni nfa eutrophication ti awọn eto omi.

Ni ita awọn lilo pataki wọn bi awọn ajile ati awọn ile itaja agbara, awọn agbo ogun nitrogen jẹ awọn ohun-ara ti o wapọ. Nitrogen jẹ apakan ti awọn ohun elo bii oniruuru bi aṣọ Kevlar ati cyanoacrylate “super” lẹ pọ. Nitrojini jẹ apakan ti awọn ohun elo ni gbogbo kilasi oogun elegbogi pataki, pẹlu awọn oogun aporo. Ọpọlọpọ awọn oogun jẹ mimics tabi awọn oogun ti awọn ohun elo ifihan agbara nitrogen adayeba: fun apẹẹrẹ, awọn loore Organic nitroglycerin ati nitroprusside n ṣakoso titẹ ẹjẹ nipasẹ jijẹ iṣelọpọ si ohun elo afẹfẹ nitric adayeba. Awọn alkaloids ọgbin (nigbagbogbo awọn kemikali aabo) ni nitrogen nipasẹ asọye, ati nitorinaa ọpọlọpọ awọn oogun ti o ni nitrogen olokiki, gẹgẹbi caffeine ati morphine jẹ boya alkaloids tabi awọn mimics sintetiki ti o ṣiṣẹ (bii ọpọlọpọ awọn alkaloids ọgbin ṣe) lori awọn olugba ti awọn neurotransmitters ẹranko (fun apẹẹrẹ, awọn amphetamines sintetiki).

Nitrojini waye ninu gbogbo awọn oganisimu, nipataki ni amino acids (ati nitorinaa awọn ọlọjẹ) ati paapaa ninu awọn acids nucleic (DNA ati RNA). Ara eniyan ni nipa 3% nipasẹ iwuwo nitrogen, ipin kẹrin lọpọlọpọ ninu ara lẹhin atẹgun, erogba, ati hydrogen. Yiyipo nitrogen n ṣe apejuwe gbigbe ti eroja lati afẹfẹ sinu biosphere ati awọn agbo ogun Organic, lẹhinna pada sinu afefe.

Ìtàn àti ìtumọ̀-ọ̀rọ̀

Nitrogen ni a ka ni deede pe o ti ṣe awari nipasẹ dokita ara ilu Scotland Daniel Rutherford ni ọdun 1772, ẹniti o pe ni afẹfẹ apanirun tabi afẹfẹ ti o wa titi. Òtítọ́ náà pé afẹ́fẹ́ kan wà tí kò ṣètìlẹ́yìn fún ìjóná ṣe kedere sí Rutherford. Nitrogen ni a tun ṣe iwadi ni akoko kanna nipasẹ Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish, ati Joseph Priestley, ti o tọka si bi afẹfẹ sisun tabi afẹfẹ phlosticated. Gaasi Nitrojini jẹ inert to pe Antoine Lavoisier tọka si bi “afẹfẹ mephitic” tabi azote, lati ọrọ Giriki ἄζωτος (azotos) ti o tumọ si “aini aye”. Nínú rẹ̀, àwọn ẹranko kú, iná sì ti kú. Orukọ Lavoisier fun nitrogen ni a lo ni ọpọlọpọ awọn ede (Faranse, Itali, Pulisi, Rusiya, Albaniya, bbl) o si tun wa ni Gẹẹsi ni awọn orukọ ti o wọpọ ti ọpọlọpọ awọn agbo ogun, gẹgẹbi hydrazine ati awọn agbo ogun ti azide ion.

Ọrọ Gẹẹsi nitrogen (1794) wọ ede naa lati Faranse nitrogene, ti a ṣe ni 1790 nipasẹ chemist Faranse Jean-Antoine Chaptal (1756–1832), lati “nitre” + Fr. gène "producing" (lati Gk. -γενής tumo si "didara" tabi "bibi si".). Awọn gaasi ti a ti ri ni nitric acid. Itumọ Chaptal ni pe gaasi nitrogen jẹ apakan pataki ti acid nitric, eyiti o ṣẹda lati inu saltpetre (potasiomu iyọ), lẹhinna mọ bi nitre. Ọrọ yii ni agbaye atijọ diẹ sii ni akọkọ ṣapejuwe awọn iyọ iṣuu soda ti ko ni iyọ ninu, ati pe o jẹ cognate ti natron.

Awọn agbo ogun Nitrogen ni a mọ daradara nipasẹ Aarin ogoro. Alchemists mọ nitric acid bi aqua fortis (omi ti o lagbara). Adalu awọn acids nitric ati hydrochloric ni a mọ si aqua regia (omi ọba), ti a ṣe ayẹyẹ fun agbara rẹ lati tu goolu (ọba awọn irin). Awọn ologun akọkọ, ile-iṣẹ, ati awọn ohun elo ogbin ti awọn agbo ogun nitrogen lo saltpetre ( sodium iyọ tabi iyọ potasiomu), pataki julọ ninu etu ibon, ati nigbamii bi ajile. Ni ọdun 1910, Lord Rayleigh ṣe awari pe itujade itanna kan ninu gaasi nitrogen ti o ṣe “nitroji ti nṣiṣe lọwọ”, allotrope ti a ro pe o jẹ monatomic. “Awọsanma ti n yika ti ina ofeefee didan” ti a ṣe nipasẹ ohun elo rẹ ṣe idahun pẹlu quicksilver lati ṣe agbejade awọn nitride mercury ibẹjadi.

Àwọn ìní

Spẹ́ktrúmù ẹ́lẹ́ktromágnẹ́tì

Nitrogen discharge (spectrum) tube

Kíkà ní ẹ̀kúnrẹ́rẹ́

• Garrett, Reginald H.; Grisham, Charles M. (1999). Biochemistry (2nd ed.). Fort Worth: Saunders College Publ.. ISBN 0-03-022318-0. 
• Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-022057-6. 
• "Nitrogen". Los Alamos National Laboratory. 2003-10-20. Archived from the original on 2006-02-10. Retrieved 2012-12-08. 

Àwọn ìjápọ̀ òde

• Àdàkọ:PeriodicVideo
• Etymology of Nitrogen
• Why high nitrogen density in explosives?
• WebElements.com – Nitrogen
• It's Elemental – Nitrogen
• Chemistry in its element podcast (MP3) from the Royal Society of Chemistry's Chemistry World: Nitrogen
• Schenectady County Community College – Nitrogen Archived 2007-08-22 at the Wayback Machine.
• Nitrogen N2 Properties, Uses, Applications
• Handling procedures for liquid nitrogen Archived 2007-08-24 at the Wayback Machine.